Category: CBSE Sample Papers

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Term 2 Set 7 for Practise

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 35

General Instructions:

• There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
• Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
• Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
• Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.

Section – A
(14 Marks)

Question 1.
What do you mean by Diabetes? (2)

Question 2.
What do you mean by Asthma? (2)

Question 3.
What do you mean by ADHD? (2)

Question 4.
Write a note on Disability Etiquettes. (2)

Question 5.
What is Lactic Acid tolerance? (2)

Question 6.
Explain Greenstick Fracture. (2)

Question 7.
Write a note on the dislocation of the shoulder joint. (2)

Question 8.
What do you mean by “Personality”? (2)

Question 9.
Write a short note on Extrinsic Motivation. (2)

Section – B
(9 Marks)

Question 10.
Write down any 6 benefits of Sukhasana. ( 1/2 x 6)

Question 11.
Write down the 3 symptoms of Cognitive Disability. (1 + 1 + 1)

Question 12.
Explain the causes of a fracture. (1/2 x 6)

Question 13.
What is Assertive behaviour in Sports? (3)

Question 14.
Write down any 3 disadvantages of the Interval training method. (1 + 1 + 1)

Section – C
(12 Marks)

Question 15.
Explain Ardhamatseyendrasana with procedure, benefits and contraindications. (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)

Question 16.
Write down the causes of ODD and SPD. (2 + 2)

Question 17.
Explain Strain and Sprain with preventive measures. (2 + 2)

Question 18.
Define the types of endurance according to the duration of activity. (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 6 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Term 2 Set 6 for Practise

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 35

General Instructions:

• There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
• Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
• Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
• Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.

Section – A
(14 Marks)

Question 1.
Write the full form of ASD and ODD. (1 + 1)

Question 2.
Explain any two benefits of Pawanmuktasana. (1 + 1)

Question 3.
Mention any two symptoms and causes of ASD. (1 + 1)

Question 4.
What do you mean by the term Disability and Disorder? (1 + 1)

Question 5.
Define Strength and Flexibility. (1 + 1)

Question 6.
List the type of speed name and its developing method. (1 + 1)

Question 7.
Define contusion. (2)

Question 8.
What is the meaning of aggression in sports? (2)

Question 9.
How can we overcome stress and adherence in exercise? (1 + 1)

Section – B
(9 Marks)

Question 10.
What do you mean by joint injuries? Enumerate the types of dislocation of joints. (1 1/2 x 2)

Question 11.
Discuss any three effects of the physical activities for children with special needs. (1 + 1 + 1)

Question 12.
Write down the benefits of Sukhasana Chakrasana and their benefits to overcome which disease. (2 + 1)

Question 13.
Differentiate between Strain and Sprain. (1 1/2 x 2)

Question 14.
Elaborate the characteristics of the Fartlek Training method. (1 + 1 + 1)

Section – C
(12 Marks)

Question 15.
Briefly explain the Ardhachakrasana along with its contraindications and draw a stick diagram. (2 + 1 + 1)

Question 16.
Describe flexibility and its types. (2 + 2)

Question 17.
Explain any four long term effects of regular exercises on the cardiovascular system. (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)

Question 18.
Explain the classification of Sheldon’s and Jung’s. (2 + 2)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 5 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Term 2 Set 5 with Solutions

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 35

General Instructions:

• There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
• Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
• Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
• Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.

Section – A
(14 Marks)

Question 1.
Now a days yoga plays a very important role in cure of various disease. Justify the statement by giving suitable example. (1+1)
Answer:
Yoga plays an important role in preventing lifestyle illness, yoga is definitely the means of providing freedom from all the forms of bondage, medical research has told about many physical and mental benefits of yoga.

• Yoga makes nervous system and skeletal system function smoothly.
• Yoga helps in reducing depression stress etc.

Question 2.
Describe briefly any two benefits and two contraindications of Sukhasana. (1+1)
Answer:
Benefits of Sukhasan:

1. It helps to make the back stronger and elongate the knees and ankles.
2. It is beneficial for opening the muscles of groin, hips and the outer thighs.
3. It relieves from physical and mental tiredness and eliminates worries from the person’s mind.
4. It can relive from backache as well as pain.
5. It is a good posture to sit for a long time.

Contradiction of Sukhasan:

1. In case of severe knee and back injury, it is required to sit over the folded blanket or take the assistance of the bolster or pillow.
2. If it is difficult in this pose, then try with placing the blanket or bolster under the thighs.

Question 3.
What is speed and mention its types? (1+1)
Answer:
A speed development programme can be framed according to need, level and training state of the players.
Types of Speed:
1.Acceleration rims are usually adopted to develop speed specially in attaining maximum speed from a stationary position.

2. Pace Races or Run Pace races mean running the whole distance of a race at a constant speed. In pace races, an athlete runs the race with uniform speed, generally 800 m and above.

Question 4.
Define strength. Mention the types of dynamic strength. (1+1)
Answer:
Strength is the ability of a muscle to exert force in single muscle contraction or it is the ability to overcome resistance. Strength is an essential component of physical fitness.
Types of dynamic strength are:

• Maximum Strength
• Explosive Strength
• Strength Endurance

Question 5.
Briefly explain any two physiological factors to determine strength. (1+1)
Answer:
The following are the factors for determining strength:
1. Muscle composition: There are two types of fibres in muscles i.e., fast twitch fibres and slow twitch fibres. The muscles which consist of more percentage of fast twitch fibres will produce more strength.

2.Intensity of nerve impulse: A muscle is composed of no. of motor units. The total force of muscle depends upon the number of contracting motor units. Whenever, a stronger nerve impulse from central nervous system excite more number of motor units , the muscle will contract more strongly or it can be said that the muscle will produce more force or strength.

Question 6.
What is personality? List down any two big five theory types. (1+1)
Answer:
Definition of Personality:
According to Macionis, “It is the constant pattern of thinking, feeling and actions.” According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “The totality of sentiments, attitudes, ideas, habits, skills and behaviors of an individual is personality.”
Two big five theory types are:

1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientionsness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness

Question 7.
What is flexibility? Briefly explain anyone method of it. (1+1)
Answer:
Flexibility is the ability of a joint or series of joints to move through an unrestricted, pain free range of motion. These soft tissues include: muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and skin.
One of the method of flexibility development is as follows:
Ballistic Method: It is the oldest form of doing stretching exercises. This method involves jerk in movement.

Question 8.
What is Obesity? Briefly explain any one asana to prevent it. (1+1)
Answer:
Obesity: The excess weight or deposition of excess fats on body is called obesity. It leads to various diseases like diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, lowered pulmonary functions, lowers life expectancy. Obesity is a condition where your Body Mass Index (BMI) is higher than 30.
There are various reasons of obesity such as lack of proper exercise, eating habits, psychological factors, endocrine glands problems, familial tendency. Males are at high risk during age 29 to 35 and females are at risk during the age 45 to 49. The risk increases with age. Various asanas can be practised effectively to reduce the weight, control obesity and achieve normal healthy condition of body and mind. The major asanas to control obesity are Vajrasana, Hastasana, Trikonasana and Ardha Matsyendrasana

Question 9.
Highlight any four major features of Fartlek training method. (1/2 x 4)
Answer:
The Fartlek method of training was introduced and practiced in Sweden. ‘Fartlek’ is a Swedish term which means ‘speed play’ (playing with speed).This training method was first introduced by Gosta Holmer. It is a type of cross country running. Fartlek is usually conducted over a hilly region track and it allows variation in pace. It is one of the best methods of conditioning for most of the sports in which endurance is the basic requirement. This training can be performed at hilly path, river bed, forest, muddy road or sandy path, etc. Self-discipline is most important and vital in this type of training.
Features of Fartlek training method:

• It is used to develop endurance in athletes.
• It has psychological advantage over the other training methods.
• It helps in improving the balancing adjustments of ankles, knees and things.

Section – B
(9 Marks)

Question 10.
Explain the role of Yoga in preventing lifestyle diseases. (1 x 3)
Answer:
Yoga plays a great importance on a proper and healthy lifestyle whose main components are healthy activities, healthy relationships, healthy thoughts, healthy food, and healthy recreation. The holistic art and science of yoga is the best lifestyle ever designed and is effective in managing prevalent lifestyle disorders such as diabetes and hypertension.

1. Role of Yamas and Niyamas:
Yama is for building interpersonal relationship and niyama is for developing self-discipline majorly through healthy relationships, healthy food, and healthy thoughts and this helps in developing the ability to face stress thereby preventing lifestyle diseases.

2. Yoga asanas:
It works in the human body through tissues and muscles. Asana helps in removal of waste products and carbon dioxide, supply of oxygen, internal secretion of the endocrine glands and functioning of nerve-connections. Yoga asana creates a feeling of gentle massage to the digestive systems and makes abdominal muscles strong and elastic thereby our digestive system functions better.
Deep and rhythmic breathing multiples the competence of the respiratory system. Further, oxygen-rich blood is supplied to every tissue of the body and this in turn helps the body to be healthy. All the above development helps in better healthy activities and healthy recreation there by preventing life-style diseases.

3. Pranayama increases lungs capacity:
Pranayama increases lungs capacity helps to perform endurance activity with ease. Pranayama provides relaxation. Relaxed mind helps to understand the situations of life better and also helps to keep oneself cool during demanding situation. It helps in removal of toxins like lactic acid from the muscles which helps in removing muscle soreness.
All the above development helps in healthy activities, healthy relationships, and healthy thoughts there by preventing lifestyle diseases

4. Role of Pratyahar, Dharana, Dhyana:
Helps to concentrate. Improvement in concentration helps to get involved in the work meaningfully for longer duration. It helps to overcome stress. Dharana and Dhyana helps one to relax and face the situation boldly. This helps in developing healthy activities, healthy relationships, and healthy thoughts there by preventing lifestyle diseases.

Question 11.
What is ODD? Briefly explain any two symptoms of it. (1+2)
Answer:
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a childhood disorder that is defined by a pattern of hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviours directed at adults or other authority figures. The nature of this disorder is related to social behaviours. This behaviour disorder usually takes place in early teens. Apart from teens, ODD also affects young children especially j boys.

In children, it begins from the age of 8 j years. About 2-16% of children are affected by ODD. The main symptoms of ODD are similar patterns of anger, irritable mood, saying hateful things, flaring up at trivial matters, seeking revenge, etc.

Here children in their early teens try to defy authority every now and then, they express their defiance by arguing, disobeying, talking back to parents, teachers and other adults. Though, this type of behaviour is normally seen among all the teenagers but j the difference in ODD is that the behaviour lasts more than 6 months and is excessive in comparison to other children of the same age. This kind of behaviour often disrupts the child’s normal daily activities and hampers academic performance.
Symptoms of ODD are as follows:

1. Rude, aggressive and non-cooperative.
2. Difficulty to make friends.
3. Often and easily loses temper.
4. Is frequently touchy and easily annoyed by others.
5. Is often angry and argumentative.
6. Often argues with adults or people in authority.
7. Often actively refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rule

Question 12.
List down any four techniques of stress management. Briefly explain about any one out them. (1/2 x 4 + 1)
Answer:
Stress induces bodily or mental tension. Techniques of stress management are as follows:

1. Own one’s own feelings-Do not blame someone else for personal feelings.
2. Express what one is feeling.
3. Express what one is feeling, get it out or forgive.
4. Reduce caffeine and sugar-By reducing the amount of coffee, soft drinks, chocolate, and sugar snacks in diet, one will feel more relaxed and will sleep better.
5. Get enough sleep-Adequate sleep refreshes the mind and body.
6. Include rest and relaxation in daily schedule. This time provides a break from all the responsibilities and recharge oneself.
7. Spend time with positive people. A strong support system will buffer one from the negative effects of stress.
8. Keep sense of humour. This includes the ability to laugh at one self. The act of laughing helps the body fight stress.
9. Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. Many things in life are beyond our control-particularly the behaviour of other people.
10. Learn to forgive-Free oneself from negative energy by forgiving and moving on.
11. Focus on the positive-When stress is getting one down, take a moment to reflect on all the things one appreciates in one’s life, including one’s own positive qualities and gifts.
12. Eat a healthy diet.
13. Go for a walk.
14. Spend time in nature.
15. Call a good friend.
16. Play with a pet.
17. Work in garden.
18. Read a good book.
19. Take a long bath.
20. Listen to music.
21. Watch a comedy.
22. Get a massage.

Eating a healthy diet helps to keep skin, eyes, teeth, muscles healthy. It also lowers the risk of cardiac diseases. It helps in the better functioning of the digestive system.

Question 13.
What are the benefits of physical activities for children with special needs? (3)
Answer:
Regular physical activity is good for everyone but it’s particularly important for children with special needs. These are most important for their growth and development. There are numbers of advantages of physical activities. Benefits of physical activities for children with special needs are:

• Physical improvement
• Reduce risk of health complications
• Mental improvement
• Behavioral patterns
• Better emotional and psychological health,

1. Reduced level of anxiety, stress and depression: Physical activities may help in reducing the level of anxiety, stress and depression of children with special needs.
2. Improved social interaction: Physical activities provide ample opportunities for improving the social interaction among children with special needs. Some relations are developed during involvement in physical activities.
3.Cognitive benefits: Physical activities lead to cognitive skill, improvement in children with disabilities. These activities allow them to discover and access strengths that cannot be challenged in classroom setting.

Question 14.
Explain strategies to make physical activities accessible for children with special needs. (3)
Answer:
The strategies to make physical activities accessible for children with special needs are as follows
1. Inclusive Classrooms: It means development of education laws in such a way that children with special needs get education within the normal classrooms along with other children so that, they are well accepted in society.

2. Assistive Technology: It refers to creating devices, tools or equipment that help children with special needs to participate in learning activities like bigger balls, balls with bells, balls attached to strings to bring it back to the students etc.

3. Adaptive Physical Education: Depending on students’ disability, a separate, adaptive class or modifications within a game, changing the rules of the game or sport to some extent can help the students in a big way.

4. Creating Specific Environment: Students with special needs can be provided with specific play area with special requirements as needed by them. Loud music, glaring lights often cannot be tolerated by these children so a lot of natural lighting should be there.

5. Positive Behaviour In physical education classes: Teachers should show positive behaviour and healthy interactions and prevent negative behaviours. The method is to “Prevent, Teach, Reinforce”. This means class material taught through positive interactions, lesson reinforced by referring back to behavioural expectations and evaluating progress.

Section – C
(12 Marks)

Question 15.
Briefly explain about asthma along with its two symptoms. Describe the procedure, benefits and contraindications of any two asanas to prevent Asthma. (2+2)
Answer:
1. Asthma:
Asthma disease is associated with the swelling of respiratory tracts which makes the tracts very sensitive and makes this process pungent with the touch of any effective things. These reactions cause contractions in the tubes, this reduces the amount of air in the lungs due to which it becomes difficult to breathe.

2. Symptoms of Asthma:
Common symptoms of asthma are coughing, . heavy breathing, chest tightness, fatigue, pain in hands, feet, shoulder and back.

3. Causes of Asthama:
Reasons are dust, smoke pollen grains, animal skin, hair and feather, etc.
Asthma can be controlled by Matsyasana, Go- mukh-asanas etc.

4. Methods to control Asthama:
(a) Matsyasana: This asana is performed in water body, hence it is called as Matsyasana.
Pre-Stage: Sit in Padmasana pose.
5. Method:

1. Take support of your elbow and lie on your back, bend your neck with support of your hands and try to touch your head to the ground.
2. Hold toes of the feet firmly with both hands and touch ground with the elbows.
3. Stretch the stomach as up as possible.

6.Benefits:
This asana is very useful for asthama patient, it provide relief from indigestion and other digestive problems, keeps the blood clean. Helps in cough and respiratory problems. It makes body and face attractive by bringing natural glow on it.

7. Contraindications:
1. Abnormal blood pressure: Individuals suffering from high or low blood pressure should avoid this posture.
2. Neck injury: Neck injuries or any part of the lower back or middle back can make it difficult to practice this Fish pose and hence should be avoided.

(b) Gomukhasana:
This asana gets its name because while doing this asana, body resembles a cow face pose.

Prestage: Sit in Sukhasana pose.
8. Method:

1. Sit in sukhasana pose.
2. Place the ankle of left leg near the right butt.
3. Place the right leg over the left thigh, so that knees should place over each other.
4. Sweep your left hand behind your back, facing palms upwards.
5. Now interlock fingers of both hands behind your back.
6. Stretch both the hands in their respective direction, look straight.
7. Repeat with changing leg position.

9. Benefits: Helps in curing Asthma, reduces weight, makes body flexible.

10. Contraindications:

• People with very stiff shoulder may have to take it slow and easy.
• If you have sciatica, then crossing the knee may not be too good as there will be pressure at the sciatic nerve.

Question 16.
Define sports psychology. Elucidate its importance in the field of sports. (1+3)
Answer:
Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology which deals with sports performance and the behaviour of a player during training or competitions.
Importance of Sports Psychology is due to:
1. Learning of Motor Skills: Sports psychology plays a major role in the learning of motor skills. Motor; skills learning depends on the dividual’s level of readiness.

2. Analysing the Behaviour of Sportsmen: Performance of a player depends upon the behaviours which are influenced by various factors such as sex differences, family conditions, personal background, heredity, growth, physical and mental maturity levels, etc.

3. Identifying talent for Specific Sports: Every sports has specific psychological demands, e.g., boxing requires more aggressiveness, whereas archery and shooting require more concentration.

4. Stabilising the Performance for Longer Period: It helps in stabilising the performance of a player for a longer period. Then the performance of the player largely depends upon his psychological make up and anxiety level.

5. Important from Research Point of View: Sports psychologists works in very dose proximity to coaches to uplift the performance of players. Research findings help in promotion of sports and games.

6. Encouraging the Players to Make a Comeback in Professional Sports: Sports psychology encourages the players, who, due to injury or some acddent, are forced to take a long break from their professional career, to return to their sport.

Question 17.
What do you understand by coordinative abilities? Discuss about any three types of coordinative abilities. (1+3)
Answer:
Coordination is the ability to integrate separate motor systems with varying sensory modalities into effident movements. The harmonious working together of the synchrony, rhythm, and sequencing aspect of one’s movements is crudal to coordinated movement.
Various parts of the body may be involved, such as eye foot coordination, as in kicking a ball or walking upstairs. Eye-hand coordination is evident in fine motor activities such as bead stringing, .tracing and clay modelling or in gross motor activities such as catching, striking or volleying a ball.
Different Types of Coordinative ability Following are different types of coordinative abilities:

(i) Coupling Ability: Coupling ability to synchronize movements and direction effidently and to let different parts to cooperate in order to achieve a desired and smooth movement. Coupling ability of the body is considered as capacity of an individual to perform better coordination of different parts of the body. For example, while dribbling a basketball, the coordination of both the limbs is required.

(ii) Reaction Ability: Reaction ability is a skill to react quickly to a stimulus. For example, chaser in Kho-Kho runs quickly after Kho is given.

(iii) Balance Ability: Balance ability is known as capability of an individual to maintain balance while the body is in motion. Even during distributed balance regaining the lost balance is known as balance ability.

(iv) Orientation Ability: The orientation ability is a skill to determine and change the position in complex situations. For example, defending an opponent in football, the position is changed according to the movement of opponent.

(v) Adaptation Ability: Adaptation ability is the capability of a person to change the movement on the basis of predicted changes. This ability is achieved after mastering the skills.

(vi) Rhythm Ability: Rhythm ability is to make out motor actions on a well- defined rhythm. Rhythm ability enables to grasp and express rhythm which is externally determined or contained in the motor activity itself

Question 18.
“Involvement in physical activities for longer period of time with moderate intensity can improve the quality of life.” Justify your answer. (2+2)
Answer:
Games and sports are essential for the all-round development of personality. It is by participating in games and sports that we can develop and maintain our health, keep our body alert, active, youthful and energetic. Participation increases blood circulation and we get an increased supply of oxygen. This makes a person healthier. Only a healthy person can work long, hard and cheerfully. An unhealthy person may not take as much interest in work.

Games and sports have additional benefits to exercise as they are played in groups and in a healthy competitive spirit. Among many other things, they help develop cooperation, quality of leadership, team spirit and a willingness to submit to, and further, the rule of law. Games instil in participants the spirit of self-reliance, justice, fair play and sporting spirit. They make people bold, adventurous, social, disciplined and more conscious of their responsibilities towards society and the nation. People participating regularly in games and sports have been found better equipped to fight superstitions, communalism, obscurantism and a narrow approach to issues of national interest.

Games also help in overcoming feelings of violence, arrogance and superiority as these are pinged by providing them a sufficient outlet through them. A sports person may not lose his or her temper and morale even in the face of defeat because he/ she would take it coolly, calmly and then would try to perform better the next time. Players know that victory and defeat are two aspects of the same coin. There is more joy in playing than in its end result. Thus, participation in sport results in all-round development of personality. Involvement in Physical activity can improve lifestyle in many ways, some of them are listed below.

(i) Exercise helps in healthy growth and development: Exercise is an important part of keeping children healthy. Encouraging healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents is important when they grow older. Participating in organized sports and games is not only of great fun but is very essential for healthy growth and development.

(ii) Exercises improve self-esteem: Exercise is necessary for your physical and mental health. Self-esteem can play a great role in how children feel about themselves and also how much they enjoy things or worry about things. Exercise reduces depressive symptoms and improves self¬esteem in children.

(iii) Enhances flexibility: The stiffness of joints decreases due to exercising, in a way improving the flexibility. The elasticity of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules improves due to regular exercise.

(iv) Lessens stress and tension: Regular exercise has a distinctive capability to slow down the depression process by reducing stress and tension. Actually, regular exercise lessens the levels of body’s stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. The body’s natural painkillers and mood elevators i.e., the endorphins are produced due to regular exercise. These benefits of work out facilitate in delaying the process of ageing.

(v) Connect with others: Spend time with positive people who enhance your life. A strong support system will buffer you from the negative effects of stress.

(vi) Keep your sense of humor: This includes the ability to laugh one self. The act of laughing helps in happy lifestyle

 

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 4 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Term 2 Set 4 with Solutions

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 35

General Instructions:

• There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
• Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
• Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
• Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.

Section – A
(14 Marks)

Question 1.
What is diabetes and asthma? (1+1)
Answer:
Diabetes:
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough or any insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.

Asthma:
It is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance.

Question 2.
Name two methods of strength development. (1+1)
Answer:
Methods to develop strength:
Isotonic: In this exercise, a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. Isotonic exercise is one method of muscular exercise. Isotonic comes from the Greek word “iso-” is equal + “tonos” tone = maintaining equal (muscle) tone.
Isokinetic: Isokinetic exercise is a type of strength training. It uses specialized exercise machines that produce a constant speed no matter how much effort you expend. These machines control the pace of an exercise by fluctuating resistance throughout your range of motion.

Question 3.
Define motivation and personality. (1+1)
Answer:
Motivation:
It is a process through which an individual is inspired to act in a particular fashion or manner towards a particular direction.
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.

Personality:
The word personality is derived from Latin word persona, meaning a mask. In ancient Greece, the actors used to wear masks to hide their identities while portraying their roles in a theatrical play. To an ordinary person, the word personality conveys the meaning of one’s physical appearance, his habits, his ways of dressing, his reputation, his manners and other similar characteristics.  According to Macionis, “It is a constant pattern of thinking, feeling and actions.” According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “The totality of sentiments, attitudes, ideas, habits, skills and behaviors of an individual is personality.”

Question 4.
What do you understand by disability and disorder? (1+1)
Answer:
A disability is any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world around them (participation restrictions). A disorder could be defined as a set of problems, which result in causing significant difficulty, distress, impairment and/or suffering, in a person’s daily life.

Question 5.
What do you mean by aerobic capacity & anaerobic capacity? (1+1)
Answer:
Aerobic Capacity: The aerobic capacity, or VO2max, is defined as the maximum amount of oxygen that a subject can use per unit of time and body weight.

Anaerobic capacity: It is defined as the maximal amount of adenosine triphosphate resynthesized via anaerobic metabolism (by the whole organism) during a specific mode of short-duration maximal exercise.

Question 6.
Define Locomotor ability. (1+1)
Answer:

• It is the ability to maintain maximum speed for maximum time or distance.
• This ability is significant in only a few sports events such as 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, races, short sprints in track cycling, speed skating, swimming, hockey, football etc.

Question 7.
Write the full form of OCD and ADHD. (1+1)
Answer:

• OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder
• ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 8.
What is incision and stress fracture? (1+1)
Answer:

1. Incision:
An incision of skin and subcutaneous tissue is a surgical procedure performed in order to drain an abscess. An incision is a cut or a wound produced by cutting with a scalpel.

2. Stress fractures:
These are tiny cracks in a bone most commonly, in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot. Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone.

Question 9.
Define endurance. Name two methods of endurance development. (1+1)
Answer:
Endurance refers to your body’s physical capability to sustain an exercise for an extended period.
Methods of endurance development:

1. Interval training method
2. Fartlek training method

Section – B
(9 Marks)

Question 10.
Enlist Sheldon body types and write in brief about any two. (1+2)
Answer:
Ectomorph, Mesomorph, Endomorph.

1. Ectomorph: They are quite the opposite of endomorph. They have narrow shoulders and hips, thin, narrow face, high forehead, thin, narrow chest and very little body fat. They are self¬conscious, private, introvert, socially anxious, intense, emotionally restrained and thoughtful.

2. Endomorph: The endomorph is physically quite round, with wide hips, narrow shoulders which makes them pear-shaped. Lot of fat is spread across the body. They are sociable, fun- loving, tolerant, even-tempered, good humoured, relaxed and lover of food.

Question 11.
What are the causes of OCD? (1×3)
Answer:
OCD is caused due to genetic and hereditary factors. Chemical, structural and functional abnormalities in the brain are the cause. Distorted beliefs reinforce and maintain symptoms associated with OCD.
Causes:
The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn’t fully understood. Main theories include:

• Biology: OCD may be a result of changes in your body’s own natural chemistry or brain functions.
• Genetics: OCD may have a genetic component, but specific genes have yet to be identified.
•  Learning: Obsessive fears and compulsive behaviors can be learned from watching family members or these are gradually learned over time.

Question 12.
What do you understand by ‘First-Aid’? Discuss briefly about the aims of First-Aid. (1+2)
Answer:
First aid is the emergency care given immediately to an injured person. The purpose of first aid is to minimize injury and future disability. In serious cases, first aid may be necessary to keep the victim alive.

Aims:

The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening. The key aims of first aid can be summarized with the acronym of ‘the three Ps’: Preserve life, The overriding aim of all medical care which includes first aid, is to save lives and minimize the threat of death.

1. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent harm and promote recovery.
2. In first aid, ABC stands for airway, breathing and circulation.
3. The recovery position helps to minimize further injury.
4. CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It helps maintain the flow of oxygenated blood.
5. While doing chest compressions, you may hear cracks. This is normal.

Question 13.
Which asanas are helpful in reducing obesity? Explain the procedure and contraindication of any one asana. (1+1+1)
Answer:
The major asanas to control obesity are Vajrasana, Hastasana, Trikonasana and Ardha Matsyendrasana.
Vajrasana [Thunderbolt Pose]

Procedure:

1. It is done in sitting posture.• Stand on the knees with the lower legs, together and stretched backwards, the two big toes crossing each other.
2.  Lower the body and sit on your heels. Rest your buttocks on the heels and the thighs on the calf muscles.
3. Keep your hands on the knees and keep the head straight.
4. Concentrate on breathing, start inhalation and exhalation.

Benefits:

1. Vajrasana modifies the blood flow in the lower pelvic region. It increases the efficiency of the digestive system.
2. It helps to prevent acidity and ulcers by improving the digestion.
3. It is a good meditative pose for those suffering from sciatica and severe lower back problems.
4. Supta Vajrasana strengthens the muscles in back, neck and chest regions. It expands the chest and is good for lung problems.

Contraindications:

1. Vajrasana should not be practiced by those suffering from severe knee pain.
2. This asana should be avoided by recent surgery patients of legs or waist.
3. If you feel any pain in the ankles dining Vajrasana, release the pose and massage the ankle with the hands

Question 14.
Differentiate between Isometric and Isotonic exercises. (2×2)
Answer:

Isometric	Istotonic
(a) Isometric exercise involves   static muscle contraction against a stationary resistance.	(a) Isotonic exercise involves dynamic movement
(b) It is used only in a few games like gymnastics, weightlifting wrestling etc	(b) Isotonic exercise is most popular and effective type of strength training used in almost all games/sports.
(c) It develops maximum strength.	(c) It develops explosive strength.
(d) Iso-same, metric- length; this is a type of muscle contraction in which muscle remains at same length.	(d) Iso-same, tonic- tension. A type of muscle contraction in which the muscle change the length, either it is shortening or lengthening.

Section – C
(12 Marks)

Question 15.
Explain the techniques of motivation. (54×8)
Answer:
Techniques of Motivation:
Various techniques of motivation are applied on sportspersons which can enable them to achieve the top positions in the field of sports and games. These techniques of motivation are:

1. Having an Innovative Curriculum: Many elementary skills basic to sports development have already developed in most of the children by the time they reach primary school age.

2. Knowing Your Athlete: Each athlete comes from a different background with varied experiences and have different degrees of maturity.

3. Teacher as a Motivator: A teacher or coach who has participated in the sport himself, who is highly skilled and can demonstrate and explain the skill more accurately and can plan the next competition wisely, is a great asset in motivating the athletes.

4. Freedom to Beginners: To motivate young beginners, they should be allowed a greater degree of freedom in their early attempts.

5. Level of Aspiration/Goal Setting: As we know that achieving performance goals is a sign of competence that affects motivation positively, it is necessary to set realistic goals based on one’s own abilities.

6. Identifying Incentive Factors:
If an athlete perceives any particular kind of experience that is available to him in a given sport and he feels that these will be pleasant, enjoyable or satisfying, then he will choose to participate in that game or sport and not any other.

7. Assigning well: Defined Roles Assigning well-defined roles to athletes enhances their perception of self-competence.

8. Create an inspring Environment: The environment should be made comfortable and inspring. Encourage the athlete by giving him all the possible reasons to acheive his goal.

Question 16.
Contusion and Laceration are common sports injuries. Write in detail about the symptoms and management of these injuries. (2+2)
Answer:
Contusion: It is the type of hematoma, which refers to any collection of blood outside of a vessel.

1. Cause:
When a part of the body is struck by enough force to crush underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin, a contusion may occur. It can be due to a blow from a collision with a player or a piece of equipment or because of a heavy fall. Prevention – All the safety gears to be worn upon while playing (Helmet, anal guards).

2. Treatment: Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs such as Ibuprofen, or other medications for pain relief as prescribed by the doctor. Laceration: The irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt trauma.

3. Cause: Mostly, laceration is the result of the skin hitting an adjacent object, or an object hitting the skin with force.

4. Prevention: Proper personal equipment, including eye protection can be helpful in preventing the same.

5. Treatment: Clean the surface of the affected part. Stop bleeding at the earliest by compression bandages.

Question 17.
Explain Fartlek Training method. Write down its advantages. (2+2)
Answer:
Fartlek training involves varying the intensity or speed of your run to improve your fitness and endurance. When you do Fartlek Training, you’re essentially ‘mixing things up’. Fartlek sessions are usually performed for a minimum of 45 minutes and intensity can vary from walking, right up to sprinting. Fartlek is a Swedish term meaning speed play. It is used for development of Endurance and it is blend of continuous training and interval training. Duration:45 min, Heartbeafcl40-150 beats/min.
Advantages:

1. Good aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
2. Flexible in nature.
3. More number of athletes can take part.
4. Easily adapted.
5. No equipment required.
6. Versatile.

Question 18.
Which are the asanas practiced for preventing hypertension? Write in detail about any two of them. (2+2)
Answer:
Blood pressure is the force of blood in the arteries. When this pressure becomes abnormally high then it is called hypertension or high blood pressure. Stress is a major factor that causes hypertension. Yoga can be a very beneficial therapy for controlling blood pressure. The gentle, soothing practice of asanas settles both mind and body and reduces stress which causes hypertension. There are different types of asanas for the treatment of hypertension.
Tadasana [Mountain Pose]:

1. Procedure:

1. This is a standing asana.
2. Stand straight with the feet together.
3. Slowly lift the toes and place them back on the floor.
4. Pull up the kneecaps and squeeze the thighs.
5. Inhale and lift up from the waist.
6. Breathe and hold for 4 to 8 breaths.
7. Exhale and drop the shoulders down. Benefits
8. It improves body posture and reduces flat feet problem.
9. Knees, thighs and ankles become stronger.
10. Buttocks and abdomen get toned.
11. It helps to alleviate sciatica.
12. It also makes spine more agile.
13. It helps to increase height and improve balance.
14. It regulates digestive, nervous and respiratory systems

2. Contraindications:

1. Avoid during headaches.
2. Avoid during insomnia.
3. Avoid during low blood pressure. Pawanmuktasana

3.Procedure:

1. This is done in lying position.
2. Lie flat on the back and keep the legs straight, relax, breathe deeply and regularly.
3. Inhale slowly and lift the legs and bend in the knees. Bring upwards to the chest till the thigh touches to stomach.
4. Hug the knees in place and lock the fingers.
5. Place the nose tip between the knees.
6. Exhale slowly and come back to the original position i.e., Shavasana.
7. This is very beneficial for stomach abs. The results are very impressive.

4. Benefits:

1. It helps to strengthen the back.
2. It massages the abdominal muscles.
3. It helps in digestion.
4. It reduces belly fat.

5. Contraindications:

1. Those who are suffering from high blood pressure, hernia, heart problems, slip disc and ulcer should avoid this is asana.
2. During pregnancy and menstruation, women should avoid this asana

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 3 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Term 2 Set 3 with Solutions

Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 35

General Instructions:

• There are three sections in the Question paper namely Section A, Section B and Section C.
• Section A consists of 9 questions amongst which 7 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 2 marks and should have 30-50 words.
• Section B consists of 5 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 3 marks and should have 80-100 words.
• Section C consists of 4 questions amongst which 3 questions have to be attempted; each question carries 4 marks and should have 100-150 words.

Section – A
(14 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain any two benefits of Pawanmuktasana. (1+1)
Answer:
Benefits of Pawanmuktasana:

1. It strengthens abdominal musdes and reduces belly fat.
2. It massages the intestines and other abdominal organs.
3. It tones the arm, leg, and buttocks.

Question 2.
Define endurance and strength. (1+1)
Answer:
Endurance is defined as a group of muscles that can generate sub-maximal force over a sustained amount of time or through repeated movements. Strength is defined as the ability of specific groups of muscle that produces maximum force to overcome a resistance within a single exertion.

Question 3.
Write any two types of personality with brief explanation. (1+1)
Answer:

1. Extraversion:
It is characterized by exdtability, sodability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People high in extraversion are extroverts and low in extraversion are introverts.

2. Agreeableness:
This includes attributes like trust, kindness, affection and other sodal behaviours. People high in agreeableness are more cooperative and people low in this trait is more competitive and manipulative.

Question 4.
Write the full form of ASD and SPD. (1+1)
Answer:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)

Question 5.
Explain the term hypertrophy of muscles and muscle fiber. (1+1)
Answer:
Hypertrophy is an increase and growth of muscle cells. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscular size achieved through exercise. When you work out, and you want to tone or improve muscle definition, lifting weights is the most common way to increase hypertrophy.

Muscle fiber:
An elongated contractile cell that forms the musdes of the body muscle cell, musde fiber; any of several elongated, thread like cells (espedally a muscle fiber or a nerve fiber) muscle, muscular – one of the contractile organs of the body.

Question 6.
What is coordinative ability and reaction ability? (1+1)
Answer:
Coordinative ability:
These abilities are understood as relatively stabilized and generalized patterns of motor control and regulation processes. These enable the sportsman to do a group of movements with better quality and effect.”

Reaction Ability:
This is the ability to react quickly and effectively to a stimulus. Different games and sports have different types of signals like visual, auditory and tactile to name a few. The ability to respond to such signals accurately and as quickly as possible is known as reaction ability. It can be further classified into simple and complex reaction ability.

Question 7.
List any two disability etiquettes. (1+1)
Answer:
Disability etiquettes:

1. Companion: Never talk to person with disability through a companion.
2. Shake hand: When dealing with a person with disability, always offer him to shake hand first.
3. Assistance: If assistance is offered to the person with a disability then wait until the offer is accepted.

Question 8.
What is oxygen intake and oxygen uptake? (1+1)
Answer:
Oxygen Intake:
Oxygen is essential for all kinds of life. It is obtained from the air and drawn into the lungs by the process of respiration. It is the amount of oxygen consumed by the tissues of the body and usually measured as oxygen uptake in the lungs. The normal value is 250 ml/min and it increases with increased metabolic rate.

Oxygen Uptake:
It is the transportation and utilization of oxygen in a person during exercise. A common physiological measure taken is VO2 max which measures the maximum capacity at which the individual’s body can transport and utilize oxygen. The higher the VO2 max, the better you can use and transport oxygen which gives you more energy during exercise. It is the most relevant measure of the cardio-respiratory system.

Question 9.
Define Yoga and Asana. (1+1)
Answer:
Yoga:
According to Patanjali- checking the impulses of mind is Yoga.

Asana:
An asana is a body posture, it is originally and still a general term for a sitting meditation pose, later it was extended in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise, to any type of position, adding reclining, standing, inverted, twisting, and balancing poses.

Section – B
(9 Marks)

Question 10.
What is aggression in sports. Discuss the role of aggression in context to its types. (1+2)
Answer:
Aggression: Aggression is a type of behaviour that is hostile and which violates other people’s rights.
Types of aggression:
1. Hostile Aggression:
The term ‘hostile’ refers to being ‘opposed’, therefore hostile aggression refers to violent and angry behaviour where the intent and primary goal is to harm the other. A boxer who punches the opponent below the belt with the primary aim of injuring him because he is losing or an athlete who uses abusive words to mentally harm another player who has angered him with better skills are examples of hostile aggression.

Hostile aggression is a type of aggression that is committed in response to a perceived threat or insult. It is unplanned, reactionary, impulsive, and fuelled by intense emotion, as opposed to desire, to achieve a goal. Aggressors typically have a sense of a loss of control during outbursts, and they characteristically experience physiological hyper arousal.

Thus, it is also sometimes known as reactive aggression. In the examples given above, the intent of action is to physically or mentally harm the other person due to dislike, enmity or due to the person being on the opposing team or side. Along with the intent, the goal is also to harm the other, therefore nonlegitimate measures or illegal methods to physically or mentally harm the other person are employed.

Another important aspect of hostile aggression is the kind of explanation given by the athletes after the aggressive behaviour. Most of the athletes don’t apologise for their behaviour, instead they tend to give self- justification for their act of violent behaviour.

2. Instrumental Aggression:
The term ‘instrumental’ refers to ‘serve as a means’ ie., aggression is being used just as an instrument to gain advantage or win and not because of anger or enmity. Therefore, instrumental aggression refers to aggressive behaviour meant or used to attain some non- aggressive goals like winning, getting money, prestige or gaining any other advantage. Instrumental aggression is harmful behaviour engaged in without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others. An instrumental aggression does consist of an aggressive intent to harm an opponent physically or psychologically without necessarily being angry.

Instrumental aggression is a behaviour directed at the target as a means to an end. For example, elbowing and injuring a player to gain a competitive advantage, or late tackling to stop an opponent from scoring a goal. Another example of instrumental aggression is that of a basketball player, playing a foul against an opponent with the purpose of scoring a basket. Instrumental aggression that has no goal to harm is also considered as an aggressive act because of the aggressive intent. Most of the players prefer to offer apologies for their act or behaviour of instrumental aggression.

Question 11.
Explain cognitive disability. (1×3)
Answer:
Cognitive Disability:
It is a neurological disorder that creates hindrances or obstruction for an individual to store, process and produce information. This ability can affect an individual’s ability or capability to read, compute, speak and write.
The individual’s, who have this type of disability, usually have following symptoms:

1. Memory disorder: An individual who has auditory problems or difficulty in remembering something that he heard, said or saw before sometime.
2. Hyperactivity: An individual with cognitive disability may not have attention for a long period. He finds it difficult to stay at one place.
3. Dyslexia: An individual with cognitive disability may exhibit dyslexia. It means he may have difficulty in writing, reading, speaking, etc.

Question 12.
What are the effects of exercise on muscular system? (3)
Answer:
Effects of exercise on muscular system:

1. Size and shape of muscle changes: Regular exercise changes the shape and size of the muscle. Cells of the muscles are enlarged which change the shape and size of the muscle.

2. Correct body posture:
Regular exercise keeps the correct posture of the body by strengthening the muscles. The postural deformities do not occur. If there is any physical deformity, then it is removed.

3. Food storage increases:
The capacity of food storage in body can be enhanced by doing regular exercises. This stored food can be utilized immediately when required.

4. Toned muscles:
Regular exercises helps in keeping the muscles in toned position. Muscles become firm and maintain a slight and a steady pull on the attachments.

5. Efficient movement of muscles:
The movement of muscles becomes efficient and smooth. The movements dining different activities become attractive.

6. Change in connective tissues: The connective tissues become powerful. These tissues can bear the stress of strenuous activity.

Question 13.
Explain about the procedure, advantage and contraindications of ‘Bhujangasana’. (1+1+1)
Answer:
Bhujangasana:
Procedure:

1. This is done in lying posture.
2. Lie on the stomach and rest forehead on the floor.
3. Keep the feet and toes together and touch the ground. Place the hands at shoulder level and palms on floor.
4. Inhale and lift the head, chest, abdomen and keep the navel on the floor and take five breaths at least.
5. Exhale slowly and then slowly come down to rest with hands below the head.
6. It is equally effective in all the cases.

Benefits:

1. It gives a good stretch to the lungs, shoulders, chest and abdomen.
2. It is helpful in stress release.
3. It is known to open up the lungs and the heart i.e., it helps to protect from diseases of bronchitis.
4. It relieves sciatica and asthma.

Contraindications:

1. Avoid if suffering from hernia, back injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome.
2. Avoid during pregnancy
3. Avoid if undergone recent abdominal surgeries.

Question 14.
List down and explain any four isometric exercises for upper body. (1 x 4)
Answer:
Isometric exercises for upper body:
The following exercises will ensure that your entire body is being challenged to get stronger and reveal any areas of weakness. They’re simple to try, you can do them anywhere and they’ll give you a solid start towards gaining new levels of strength.

1. Plank:

• Get on all four sides with your feet together, your body straight from head to heels, and your hands in line with (but slightly wider than) your shoulders.
• Clench your glutes, draw your shoulders down, and brace your core to lock your body into position.
• Hold until fatigued. (Can also be performed on forearms and on each side.)

2. Low Squat:

• Stand tall with your feet hip- to-shoulder width apart and your hands by your sides, toes pointed forward.
• Keeping your back, flat and core braced, push your hips back, bend your knees, extend your arms forward, and lower your body as far as possible.
• Hold for time.

3. Split Squat:

• If you have weak glutes and quads, then you are running a high risk of runner knee and a plethora of other overuse injuries – Split squats will help offset that risk.
• Take an athletic stance with back straight and core engaged, then step into a lunge position.
• Make the pose more challenging by sinking down until your front knee is bent to a 90 degrees and your back knee nearly touches the floor.

4. Wall Sit:

• Stand with your back against a wall, your feet hip-width apart and your hands by your sides.
• Slide down the wall until your hips and knees are 90 degrees, with your shoulders and butt touching the wall.
• Hold until fatigued.

5. Calf Raise Hold:

• Start by using with both legs, raise your heels and lift your body off the ground.
• Once you get as high as you can go, hold this position for 1 minute, then slowly come back down.
• As your body gets comfortable with this new stress, can add another 30 seconds at a time until you reach 5 minutes.

Section – C
(12 Marks)

Question 15.
Explain Big Five Theory. (lx4)
Answer:
Big Five Theory:
The ‘big five’ are the broad categories of five personality traits that are universal. They are as follows
1. Extraversion:
It is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People high in extraversion are extroverts and low in extraversion are introverts.

2. Agreeableness:
This includes attributes like trust, kindness, affection and other social behaviours. People high in agreeableness are more cooperative and people low in this trait is more competitive and manipulative.

3.  Conscientiousness:
This characteristic include high level of thoughtfulness, good impulse control and goal-directed behaviours. People high on this trait are organised and mindful of details.

4. Neuroticism:
Characteristics are sadness, moodiness and emotional instability. People high in this trait experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability and sadness. People low in this trait are more stable and emotionally, resilient.

5. Openness:
This characteristic includes are imagination and insight. People high in this trait are creative, adventurous and have a broad range of interests. People low in this trait are more traditional and less in abstract thinking.

Question 16.
What are the various factors affecting physiological fitness? Explain any four of them. (1+1+1+1=4)
Answer:
The following are the factors that affect the physiological fitness:

1. Anatomical structure:
An individual must be appropriate in body size, shape and structure essential for the performance. Sometimes, genetic impaired organs are responsible for weakness in structure which limits individual performance.

2. Psychological factors or stress tension:
This can become a barrier to performance by contributing tension and anxiety which affect the fitness level of a person. One must be mentally tough/strong and prepared to perform better.

3. Climate:
Physical fitness also gets influenced by different climatic conditions such as summer, winter and humid. Exercise must be done early morning or late evening. Drink plenty of fluid. Wear light loose fitting, comfortable clothes. During winters, dress in layers, stop if you experience dizziness, shivering, cramp, etc.

4. Diet:
Plays an important role in maintaining physical fitness level. Diet requirement varies from individual to individual game wise. Therefore, while planning fitness programme, diet factor must also be given due consideration.

5. Healthy surroundings:
A healthy environment at home/school/playfields is helpful in proper growth and development of an individual which creates a better learning situation. There is a need for proper working environment for participation in sports activities, otherwise it will affect the fitness of individual

Question 17.
Explain continuous training method. Write its advantages and disadvantages. (2+1+1)
Answer:
Continuous training is a form of exercise that is performed at a ’continuous’ intensity throughout and doesn’t involve any rest periods. Continuous training typically involves aerobic activities such as running, biking, swimming and rowing. Continuous tanning is one of the best methods for improving endurance.

In this method of training, an exercise is performed for a long duration without any break. In this method, intensity remains low because the exercise is done for a longer period. Cross country race is the best example, the rate of heartbeat remains in between 140-160 bpm. The total duration of the exercise should not be less than 30 minutes.
Advantages:

1. It increases glycogen in muscles and liver.
2. It increases the number and size of mitochondria.
3. It also increases the efficiency of heart and lungs.
4. It improves willpower and makes the individuals well- determined under the condition of fatigue.
5. For better results, intensity can be increased.
6. It makes the individual self-disciplined.

Disadvantages:
Some people, who use continuous training methods find that the repetition and maintenance of levels of activity become boring over time. Also, although continuous training improves aerobic fitness, it does a
very little for anaerobic fitness. Those who are getting trained for sports and games that require sprints and quick bursts of speed, such as soccer and football, do not benefit as much from continuous training.

Question 18.
Describe the procedure for performing Gomukhasana along with its benefits and contraindications. (2+1+1)
Answer:
Gomukhasana [Cow Face Pose)
Procedure:

1. This is a sitting asana.
2. Sit erect and stretch both legs together in front, hands by the side, palm resting on the ground, fingers of the hands together.
3. Fold right leg at the knee and place it on the ground by the side of the left buttock.
4. Bring the left leg from above the right leg, place it on the ground by the side of the right buttock.
5. Now place the palms on the knee one above the other and sit erect.
6. After some time, return to the original position.
7.  Change the position of the legs i.e., by placing the right knee above and the left knee down and repeat this as much as you can.

Benefits:

1. It helps to stretch and strengthen the muscles of the ankles, hips and thighs, shoulders, triceps, inner armpits and chest.
2. It is helpful in the treatment of sciatica.
3. It enhances the workings of the kidneys by stimulating it, thus helping those suffering from diabete
4. Regular practice can reduce stress and anxiety.

Contraindications

1. Those who are suffering from shoulder, knee or backpain should avoid this.
2. People suffering from any kind of knee injury/problem should avoid this.