Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary – Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

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यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम् Summary – Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary

यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम् – रामविलास शर्मा – कवि परिचय

जीवन-परिचय – रामविलास शर्मा हिंदी-साहित्य के प्रमुख साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म सन 1912 ई० को उत्तर प्रदेश के उन्नाव जिले में ऊँचगाँव-सानी गाँव में हुआ था। उनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा स्थानीय स्कूलों में हुई। लखनक विश्वविद्यालय से उन्होंने एम०ए० (अंग्रेजी) की परीक्षा पास की। इसी विश्वविद्यालय से पी-एच॰डी॰ की उपाधि ग्रहण की। पी-एच॰ डी० करने के बाद उन्होंने लखनक विश्वविद्यालय से ही कुछ समय तक अंग्रेज्ञी विभाग में अध्यापन कार्य किया।

सन 1943 से 1971 तक वे आगरा बलवंत राजपूत कॉलेज में अंग्रेज्जी के प्राध्यापक रहे। तत्पश्चात कुछ समय तक वे आगरा के ही के॰ एम॰ मुंशी विद्यापीठ के निर्देशक रहे। उनकी साहित्य साधना के लिए उनको अनेक पुरस्कारों से सम्मानित किया गया।। ‘निराला की साहित्य साधना’ पर उन्हें साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार मिला। इसके साथ-साथ उन्हें सोवियत भूमि नेहरू पुरस्कार, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार का भारत-भारती पुरस्कार, व्यास सम्मान और हिंदी साहित्य अकादमी दिल्ली का शलाका सम्मान से अलंकृत किया गया।

वे अनूठे व्यक्तित्व के स्वामी थे। यही कारण था कि वे पुरस्कारों के माध्यम से प्राप्त होने वाले सम्मान को तो स्वीकार कर लेते थे लेकिन पुरस्कार राशि को लोकहित के लिए लौटा देते थे। उनकी इच्छा यह थी कि यह राशि समाज को शिक्षित करने के लिए खर्च की जाए। जीवन के आखिरी वर्षों में शर्मा जी दिल्ली में रहकर साहित्य-समाज और इतिहास से संबंधित चिंतन और लेखन करते रहे। अंतत: सन 2000 ई० को वे अपनी साहित्य-निधि संसार को साँपकर स्वर्ग सिधार गए।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ – रामविलास शमी आलोचक, भाषा-शास्त्री, समाज-चिंतक और इतिहासकार रहे हैं। साहित्य के क्षेत्र में उन्होंने कवि और आलोचक के रूप में पदार्पण किया। उनकी कुछ कविताएँ अन्जेय द्वारा संपादित ‘तार सप्तक’ में संकलित हैं। उन्होंने वाल्मीकि, कालिदास और भवभूति के काव्य का नव मूल्यांकन और तुलसीदास के महत्व का विवेचन भी किया है। उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ निम्नलिखित हैंभारतेंदु और उनका युग, महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी और हिंदी नवजागरण, प्रेमचंद और उनका युग, निराला की साहित्य साधना (तीन खंड) भारत के प्राचीन भाषा परिवार और हिंदी (तीन खंड) भाषा और समाज, भारत में अंग्रेज़ी राज और मार्क्सवाद, इतिहास दर्शन, भारतीय, संस्कृति और हिंदी प्रदेश आदि।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ – रामविलास शर्मा एक उच्च कोटि के समाज-चिंतक थे। उनके साहित्य-चिंतन के केंद्र में भारतीय समाज का जनजीवन, उसकी समस्याएँ तथा आकांक्षाएँ रही हैं। उन्होंने आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्य का विवेचन और मूल्यांकन करते हुए हिंदी की प्रगतिशील आलोचना का मार्गदर्शन किया है। जीवन के आखिरी दिनों में वे भारतीय समाज का संस्कृति और इतिहास की समस्याओं पर गंभीर चिंतन और लेखन करते हुए वर्तमान समाज की समस्याओं को समझने के लिए अतीत की विवेक यात्रा करते रहे। वे एक महत्वपूर्ण विचारक, आलोचक होने के साथ-साथ प्रसिद्ध निबंधकार भी हैं। उन्होंने सामान्यतः विचार प्रधान और व्यक्ति-व्यंजक निबंधों की रचना की है। उनके गद्य साहित्य में समकालीन समाज की सामाजिक राजनीतिक आदि समस्याओं का यथार्थ चित्रण हुआ है।

वे एक सजग साहित्यकार थे, अतः उन्होंने सामाजिक समस्याओं पर कटु व्यंग्य प्रस्तुत किया है। वर्तमान समाज में फैली विसंगतियों को उन्होंने अपनी लेखनी के माध्यम से समाज के समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया है। ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम् ‘ निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने कवि की तुलना प्रजापति से करते हुए उसको कर्म के प्रति सचेत किया है। उन्होंने बताया है कि साहित्य जहाँ एक ओर मनुष्य को मानसिक विश्रांति प्रदान करता है वहीं उसे उन्नति के मार्ग पर अग्रसर होने की प्रेरणा भी देता है।

रामविलास शर्मा के निबंधों में विचार और भाषा के स्तर पर एक रचनाकार की जीवंतता और सहृदयता मिलती है। स्पष्ट कथन, विचार की गंभीरता और भाषा की सहजता उनकी निबंध शैली की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं। उनकी भाषा सहज-सरल-सरस खड़ी बोली है। उन्होंने अपनी भाषा में तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज तथा विदेशज शब्दों का प्रयोग किया है। मुहावरों के प्रयोग से उनकी भाषा में रोचकता उत्पन्न हो गई है। उनका शब्द-भंडार तथा वाक्य-संरचना अत्यंत श्रेष्ठ है। वस्तुतः रामविलास शर्मा हिंदी साहित्य के प्रमुख निबंधकार में से एक रहे हैं। उनका हिंदी निबंध साहित्य में विशेष योगदान है। उनका प्रस्तुत निबंध भाषा-शैली की दृष्टि से एक विशेष निबंध है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Class 12 Hindi Summary

‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ निबंध लेखक रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा लिखित उनके निबंध संग्रह ‘विराम-चिहन’ से लिया गया है। इसमें लेखक ने कवि की तुलना प्रजापति से करते हुए उसे उसके कर्म के प्रति सचेत किया है। प्रजापति से कवि की तुलना करते हुए किसी ने लिखा था ‘ यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम् तथेदं परिवर्तत’ ‘अर्थात कवि को जैसा अच्छा लगता है वह वैसे ही संसार को बदल देता है। साहित्य समाज का दर्पण होता है तो संसार को बदलने की बात न होती। कवि का कार्य यथार्थ जीवन को प्रतिबिंबित करना होता तो वह प्रजापति का दर्जा न पाता।

प्रजापति ने जिस समाज को बनाया है, उससे असंतुष्ट होकर एक नवीन समाज बनाना कविता का जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है। यह माना जाता है कि यूनानी विद्वान कला को जीवन की नकल समझते थे और अफ़लातून के असार संसार को असल की नकल बताकर कला को नकल की नकल कहा था। अरस्तु ने नकल-नवीस का खंडन यह कहकर दिया था कि ट्रेजेडी में मनुष्य वास्तविक रूप से बढ़कर दिखाए जाते हैं।

आदि कवि महर्षि वाल्मीकि ने भी दुर्लभ गुणों को एक ही पात्र में दिखाकर समाज को दर्पण में प्रतिबिंबित नहीं किया, बल्कि प्रजापति की तरह नई सुष्टि की थी। कवि की सृष्टि निराधार नहीं होती। मनुष्य उसकी सृष्टि में अपनी प्रिय आकृति अवश्य देखता है। राम के साथ रावण का चित्र न होने पर गुणवान और चरित्रवान नायक का चरित्र फीका हो जाए। एक कवि अपने सृजन में संसार की अच्छी-बुरी दोनों बातों का चित्रण करता है। ऐसा प्रजापति-कवि गंभीर यथार्थवादी होता है।

कवि विधाता पर साहित्य रचते हुए भी उसे मानवीय संबंधों की परिधि में खींच लाता है। मानवीय संबंधों की दीवार से ही हैमलेट की कवि-सुलभ सहानुभूति टकराई थी तथा शेक्सपियर ने एक महान ट्रेजेडी की सुष्टि की थी। जब समाज को बहुसंख्यक-वर्ग मानव संबंधों के पिंजरे में पंख फड़फड़ाने लगता है और वह बेड़ियाँ तोड़कर बाहर उड़ने हेतु व्याकुल हो उठता है, तब कवि का प्रजापति रूप और अधिक स्पष्ट हो जाता है। वह समाज के दुष्ट और नियामक के मानव रूपी पक्षी से क्षुव्ध और रुद्ध स्वर को वाणी देता है। वह मुक्त गगन के गीत गाकर उस पक्षी के पंखों में नई शक्ति भर देता है।

साहित्य जीवन का प्रतिबिंब रहकर उसे समेटने, संगठित करने और परिवर्तित करने का अजेय अस्त्र बन जाता है। 15 वीं और 16 वी सदी में साहित्य ने यही भूमिका पूरी की। कबीर, नानक, सूर, तुलसी, मीरा, चंडीदास आदि महान कवियों ने सामंती पिंजरे में बंद मानव जीवन की मुक्ति के लिए प्रयास किए तथा जीर्ण मानव संबंधों के पिंजरे को झकझोर दिया। 17 वी और 20 वीं सदी में रवींद्रनाथ टैगोर, भारतेंदु वींरेश लिंगम, भारती वल्लतोल आदि लोगों ने अंग्रेज़ी राज्य तथा सामंती अवशेषों पर प्रहार किया।

भारत की दुखी पराधीन जनता को संगठित किया। साहित्य का पांचजन्य समरभूमि में न तो उदासीनता का राग सुनाता है, न भाग्य के सहारे बैठने और पिंजरे में पंख फड़फड़ाने की प्रेरणा देता है। वह ऐसे प्रेरणादायक का खंडन करता है। वह कायरों की समरभूमि का बुलावा देता है। साहित्य की यह गौरवशाली परंपरा भरतमुनि से भारतेंदु तक चली आ रही है। इसके सामने निरुद्देश्य कला, विकृत काम वासनाएँ, अहंकार, व्यक्तिवाद, निराशा और पराजय के सिद्धांत सूर्य के सामने अंधकार की तरह कदापि नहीं ठहरते।

लेखक चिंता व्यक्त करता है कि वर्तमान युग में भी मानव संबंधों के पिंजरे में पक्षी के समान बंदी है। वह गगन में उड़ान भरने के लिए व्याकुल है। वे लोग धिक्कार के योग्य हैं जो पिंजरे को तोड़ने की अपेक्षा उसे मज्ञबूत कर रहे हैं। वे लोग न तो द्रष्टा हैं और न सृष्टा। लेकिन जिन्हें धरती से और मानव से प्रेम है, उनका साहित्य जनता का रोष और असंतोष प्रकट करता है। उसे आत्मविश्वास और दृढ़ता देता है। प्रजापति कवि की परंपरा अपनाने से हिंदी-साहित्य उन्नत और समृद्ध होकर हमारे जातीय सम्मान की रक्षा कर सकेगा।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ :

  • नकल-नवीस – नकल करने वाले
  • क्षुब्ध – खिन्न, क्षोभयुक्त, अशांत
  • पाशर्श – बगल, बाजू
  • जीर्ण – पुराना, जर्जर
  • पांचजन्य – श्रीकृष्ण के शंख का नाम
  • विश्रांति – आराम
  • सीकचा – बंधन, कैद
  • पंख कतरना – निर्यंत्रित करना
  • रोचते – अचछा लगता है, रुचता है
  • तथेर्द – बैसे ही
  • यथार्थ – वास्तविक रूप
  • दुर्लभ – कठिन
  • कीर्ति – यश
  • कृतझ्श – उपकार को मानने वाला
  • प्रियदर्शन – प्यारा और अच्छा देखने वाला
  • विकृति – बुरी
  • सृष्टा – निर्माण करने वाला
  • द्ड़क्रत – दृढ़-प्रतिज्ञ
  • रुद्धस्वर – रूकी हुई आवाज़
  • सुधर – सुघड़, सुंदर
  • यथास्मै – जैसे
  • विश्ं – संसार को
  • परिवर्तन – बदल लेता है
  • दर्जा – स्थान
  • त्वया – तैरे द्वारा
  • निराधार – बेसहारा
  • दढ़क्रत – व्रत पर दृब़ रहने वाला
  • समरभूमि – युद्ध-भूमि
  • दुष्टा – देखने बाला
  • समृद्ध – उन्नत

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम् सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. यदि साहित्य समाज का दर्पण होता तो संसार को बदलने की बात न उठती। कवि का काम यथार्थ जीवन को प्रतिबिंबित करना ही होता तो वह प्रजापति का दर्जा न पाता। वास्तव में प्रजापति ने जो समाज बनाया है, उससे असंतुष्ट होकर नया समाज बनाना कविता का जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है। यूनानी विद्वानों के बारे में कहा जाता है कि वे कला को जीवन की नकल समझते थे और अफ़लातून ने असार संसार को असल की नकल बताकर कला को नकल कहा था। लेकिन अरस्तू ने ट्रेजेडी के लिए जब कहा था कि उसमें मनुष्य जैसे है उससे बढ़कर दिखाए जाते हैं, तब नकल-नवीस कला का खंडन हो गया था।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित लेखक रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ नामक निबंध से अवतरित है। इसमें लेखक ने समाज तथा कला का चित्रण किया है।

व्याख्या : लेखक का कथन है कि यदि साहित्य समाज का दर्पण होता तो संसार को बदल डालने की बात ही न होती। यही एक कवि का कार्य यथार्थ जीवन को प्रतिबिंबित करना ही होता तो वह एक प्रजापति का स्थान प्राप्त न करता। वास्तव में प्रजापति ने जो समाज बनाया है उससे असंतुष्ट होकर एक नए समाज का निर्माण करना कविता का जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है।

यूनानी विद्वानों के बारे में यह कहा जाता है कि वे कला को जीवन की नकल समझते थे और अफ़लातून ने सारहीन संसार को वास्तविकता की नकल बताकर कला को नकल कहा था, लेकिन पाश्चात्य आलोचक अरस्तू ने ट्रेजेडी के लिए जब कहा था कि उसमें मनुष्य जैसे होते हैं उससे बढ़कर दिखाए जाते हैं अर्थात ट्रेजेडी में मनुष्य का वास्तविकता से अलग चित्रण होता है, तब नकल नवीस कला का खंडन हो गया।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने कला के संबंध में विद्वानों के विचार प्रस्तुत किए हैं।
  2. भाषा सरल, सरस, सहिित्यिक खड़ी बोली है।
  3. तत्सम, तद्भव, विदेशज और शब्दावली का प्रयोग है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

2. कवि की यह सुष्टि निराधार नहीं होती। हम उसमें अपनी ज्यों-की-त्यों आकृति भले ही न देखें पर ऐसी आकृति ज़रूर देखते हैं जैसे हमें प्रिय है, जैसी आकृति हम बनाना चाहते हैं। जिन रेखाओं और रंगों से कवि चित्र बनाता है, वे उसके चारों ओर यधार्थ जीवन में बिखरे होते हैं और चमकीले रंग और सुघर रूप ही नहीं, चित्र के पाश्र्व भाग में काली छायाएँ भी वह यथार्थ जीवन से ही लेता है। राम के साथ वह रावण का चित्र न खींचें तो गुणवान, वीर्यवान, कृत्ज, सत्यवाक्य, दृढ़वत, चरित्रवान, दयावान, विद्वान, समर्थ और प्रियदर्शन नायक का चरित्र फीका हो जाए और वास्तव में उसके गुणों के प्रकाशित होने का अवसर ही न आए।

प्रसंग : यह गद्यांश ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित लेखक रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ नामक निबंध से लिया गया है। इसमें लेखक ने कवि कार्य का चित्रण किया है।

ख्याख्या : लेखक का मत है कि कवि की कोई भी रचना निराधार नहीं होती। हम उसमें अपनी ज्यों-की-त्यों आकृति भले ही न देखें लेकिन ऐसी आकृति अवश्य देखते है जो हमें प्रिय होती है, कहने का अभिप्राय यह है कि कवि की रचना में मानव की प्रिय आकृति का चित्रण जरूर होता है। एक कवि जिन रेखाओं और रंगों के माध्यम से चित्र का निर्माण करता है वे रेखाएँ और रंग उसके चारों ओर यथार्थ जीवन में बिखरे होते हैं और चमकीले रंग और सुंदर रूप ही नहीं बल्कि चित्र के पास वाले भाग में काली छायाएँ भी वह यथार्थ जीवन से ही लेता है।

एक कवि अपने समाज का ही यथार्थ अंकन करता है। वह समाज से अनुभूत दृश्यों का ही निर्माण करता है। यदि एक कवि राम के साथ रावण का चित्र न खींचे, वह सत्य के साथ असत्य का चित्रण न करे, तो गुणवान, शक्तिवान, उपकारी, सत्यवाक्य, दृढ़व्रत, चरित्रवान, दानवान, विद्वान, समर्थ और प्रियदर्शन नायक का चरित्र फीका हो जाए और वास्तव में उसके गुणों के प्रकाशित होने का अवसर ही न आए।

विशेष :

  1. कवि ने सुजन के विषय का चित्रण किया है।
  2. भाषा सहज और बोधगम्य है।
  3. तत्सम शब्दावली की प्रचुरता है।
  4. विचारात्मक शैली है।

3. कवि जब विधाता पर साहित्य रचता है, तब उसे भी मानव-संबंधों की परिधि में खींच लाता है। इन मानव-संबंधों की दीवाल में ही हैमलेट की कवि सुलभ सहानुभूति टकराती है और शेक्सपीयर एक महान ट्रेजेडी की सृष्टि करता है। ऐसे समय जब समाज के बहुसंख्यक लोगों का जीवन इन मानव-संबंधों के पिंजरे में पंख फड़फड़ाने लगे, सीकचे तोड़कर बाहर उड़ने के लिए आतुर हो उठे, उस समय कवि का प्रजापति रुप और भी स्पष्ट हो उठता है। वह समाज्ञ के द्रष्टा और नियामक के मानव-विहग से क्षुब्ध और रुद्धस्वर को वाणी देता है। वह मुक्त गगन के गीत गाकर उस विहग के परों में नयी शक्ति भर देता है। साहित्य जीवन का प्रतिबिंबित रहकर उसे समेटने, संगठित करने और उसे परिवर्तन करने का अजेय अस्त्र बन जाता है।

प्रसंग : यह गद्यांश हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित तथा रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा लिखित ‘यथास्म रोचते विश्वम्’ निबंध से लिया गया है। इस गद्य में लेखक ने कवि की साहित्य-सृजना के बारे में बताया है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

व्याख्या : लेखक का कहना है कि कवि जब प्रभु पर साहित्य की रचना करता है तब उसे भी मानव-संबंधों की परिधि में स्थान दे देता है। इन्हीं मानव-संबंधों की दीवार से ही हैमलेट की कवि-सुलभ सहानुभूति संघर्ष करती है और शेक्सपीयर एक महान ट्रेजेडी की रचना करता है। ऐसे समय में जब समाज के बहुसंख्यक लोगों का जीवन इन मानवीय संबंधों के पिंजरे में अपने पंख फड़फड़ाने लगे तथा उसकी बेड़ियाँ तोड़कर आजाद होकर बाहर उड़ने हेतु व्याकुल हो गए, उस समय कवि का प्रजापति रूप और भी स्पष्ट हो उठता है।

वह समाज के द्रष्टा और नियामक के मानव रूपी पक्षी से बेचैन और रूके हुए स्वर को अपनी वाणी प्रदान करता है, अर्थात् अपनी लेखनी द्वारा उसका चित्रण करता है। वह स्वतंत्र आकाश के गीत गाकर उस मानव रूपी पक्षी के पंखों में नई शक्ति भर देता है। लेखक कहता है कि साहित्य जीवन का प्रतिबिंब रहकर उसे समेटने, इकट्ठा करने और उसे परिवर्तित करने का अजेय अस्व बन जाता है।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने बताया है कि कवि मानव को बेड़ियों से निकाल स्वतंत्र जीवन जीने की शक्ति प्रदान करता है।
  2. भाषा अर्त्यंत सहज खड़ी बोली है।
  3. तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज तथा विदेशज शब्दों का समायोजन है।
  4. मुहावरों का सटीक प्रयोग हुआ है।
  5. विचारात्मक शैली का प्रयोग किया गया है।

4. पंद्रहर्वी-सोहलरीं सदी में हिंदी-साहित्य ने यही भूमिका पूरी की थी। सामंती पिंजरे में बंद मानय-जीवन की मुक्ति के लिए उसने वर्ण और धर्म के सींकचों पर प्रहार किए थे। कश्मीरी ललद्यद, पंजाबी नानक, हिंदी सूर-तुलसी-मीरा-कबीर, बंगाली चंडीदास, तमिल तिरुवल्लुवर आदि-आदि गायकों ने आगे-पीछे समूचे भारत में उस जीर्ण मानव-संबंधों के पिंजड़े को झकझोर दिया था। इन गायकों की वाणी ने पीडित जनता के मर्म को स्पर्श कर उसे नए जीवन के लिए बटोरा, उसे आशा दी, उसे संगठित किया और जहाँ-तहाँ जीवन को बदलने के लिए संघर्ष के लिए आमंत्रित भी किया।

प्रसंग : ये पंक्तियाँ ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ नामक निबंध से लिया गया है। इनके रचयिता रामविलास शर्मा हैं। इसमें लेखक ने 15 री- 16 वीं शताब्दी में मानव-कल्याणमयी साहित्य सृजन के बारे में बताया है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

ख्याख्या : लेखक कहता है कि 15 वीं- 16 वीं शताब्दी में हिंदी-साहित्य ने यही भूमिका पूरी की थी अर्थांत इस समय मानवोहित साहित्य का सृजन हुआ था। इस साहित्य ने सामंती पिंजरे में बंद मानव-जीवन की मुक्ति के लिए उसने वर्ग और धर्म की जंजीरों पर प्रहार किए थे। इस साहित्य ने समाज में फैली धर्म-संप्रदायों पर कहु व्यंग्य कर उसका विरोध किया था। हिंदी के संत कबीरदास, गुरु नानक, तुलसीदास, सूरदास, मीराबाई, कश्मीरी ललद्यद, बंगाली चंडीदास, तमिल के तिरुवल्लुवर आदि साहित्यकारों तथा गायकों ने अपने आगे-पीछे संपूर्ण भारत में उस टूटे-फूटे मानव-संबंधों के पिंजरे को झकझोर दिया था।

इन्हीं गायकों की वाणी ने पीडित भारतीय जनता के मर्म को स्पर्श कर उसे नवीन के लिए इकट्ठा किया और उसे संबर्ष के लिए प्रेरित किया। उसे संगठित किया और यहाँ-वहाँ के जीवन को बदलने के लिए संघर्ष करने हेतु आमंत्रित भी किया। अर्थात इन साहित्यकारों ने समाज के लोगों को एकजुट कर सामाजिक रूढ़ियों और समस्याओं के साथ लड़ने की प्रेरणा प्रदान की।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने उन साहित्यकारों का वर्णन किया है, जिन्होंने समाज कल्याण हेतु साहित्य सृजन किया।
  2. भाषा साहित्यिक खड़ी बोली है।
  3. अनेक भाषाओं के शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  4. विचारात्मकता की प्रधानता है।

5. साहित्य का पांचजन्य समर भूमि में उदासीनता का राग नहीं सुनाता। वह मनुष्य को भाग्य के आसरे बैठने और पिंजडे में पंख फड़फड़ाने की प्रेरणा नहीं देता। इस तरह की प्रेरणा देने वालों के वह पंख कतर देता है। वह कायरों और पराभव-प्रेमियों को ललकारता हुआ एक बार उन्हें भी समरभूमि में उतरने के लिए बुलावा देता है।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित है। यह रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ निबंध से लिया गया है। इसमें लेखक ने बताया है कि साहित्य कायरों में भी प्राणशक्ति प्रदान कर जीवन-संग्राम में लड़ने की प्रेरणा देता है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

ख्याख्या : लेखक का मंतव्य है कि साहित्य पांचजन्य युद्ध-भूमि में उदासीनता का गीत नहीं सुनाता। वह मनुष्य को भाग्य के सहारे बैठने और पिंजरे में पंख फड़फड़ाने की प्रेरणा नहीं देता, बल्कि जो व्यक्ति ऐसी प्रेरणा देता है उनके वह पंख काट देता है। उनको नष्ट कर देता है। साहित्य तो कायरों तथा हारे हुए व्यक्तियों को ललकारता हुआ एक बार उन्हें भी युद्ध-भूमि में उतरने के लिए बुलावा देता है। लेखक का अभिप्राय यह है कि साहित्य मानव को जीवन-संग्राम में डटकर संघर्ष करने की प्रेरणा प्रदान करता है। वह मानव को उदासीन नहीं बनाता, बलिक वह तो ऐसे लोगों में भी जान फूँक देता है जो जीवन से हार गए होते हैं।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने साहित्य को मानव-जीवन की प्रेरक शक्ति बताया है।
  2. मुहावरेदार भाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  3. तत्सम तथा विदेशज शब्दावली का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  4. शैली विचारात्मक है।

6. अभी भी मानव-संबंधों के पिंजड़े में भारतीय जीवन विहग बंदी है। मुक्त गगन में उड़ान भरने के लिए वह व्याकुल है। लेकिन आज भारतीय जनजीवन संगठित प्रहार करके एक के बाद एक पिंजडे की तीलियाँ तोड़ रहा है। धिक्कार है उन्हें जो तीलियाँ तोड़ने के बदले उन्हें मजबूत कर रहे हैं, जो भारतभूमि में जन्म लेकर और साहित्यकार होने का दंभ करके मानव मुक्ति के गीत गाकर भारतीय जन को पराधीनता और पराभव का पाठ पढ़ाते है। ये द्रष्टा नहीं हैं, इनकी आंखें अतीत की ओर हैं। ये सृष्टा नही हैं, इनके दर्पण में इन्ही की अहंवादी विकृतियाँ दिखाई देती हैं। लेकिन जिनें इस देश की धरती से ध्यार है, इस धरती पर बसने वालों से स्नेह है, जो साहित्य की युगांतरकारी भूमिका समझते हैं, वे आगे बढ़ रहे हैं। उनका साहित्य जनता का रोष और असंतोष प्रकट करता है, उसे आत्मविश्वास और दुढ़ता देता है, उनकी रुचि जनता की रुचि से मेल खाती है और कवि उसे बताता है कि इस विश्य को किसी देश में परिवतित करना है।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित तथा रामविलास शमां द्वारा रचित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ नामक निबंध से अवतरित है। इसमें लेखक ने एक प्रेष्ठ और अश्रेष्ठ साहित्यकार के सृजन-कर्म का चित्रण किया है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

व्याख्या : लेखक की मान्यता है कि वर्तमान युग में भी भारतीय मनुष्य जीवन संबंधों के पिजरे में एक पक्षी की तरह बंदी बना हुआ है। वह निरंतर इस स्वतंत्र आकाश में उड़ान भरने के लिए व्याकुल है। वह आज भारतीय जनजीवन संगठित प्रसार करके एक के बाद एक पिंजरे की जंज़ीरों को तोड़ रहा हैं। लेखक ऐसे लोगों पर व्यंग्य करते हुए कहता है कि वे लोग धिक्कार के योग्य हैं जो इन पिंजरे की जंजीरों को तोड़ने की अपेक्षा उन्हें मज़्ूत करने में लगे हैं। जो भारतभूमि में जन्म लेकर और एक साहित्यकार होने का घमंड करके मानव को पराधीनता और गुलाम होने का पाठ पढ़ाते हैं। ऐसे लोग द्रष्टा नही कहे जा सकते, क्योंकि इनकी औँखें भविष्य को न देखकर अतीत की ओर हैं।

ये निर्माता भी नहीं हैं क्योंकि इनके दर्पण में इन्हीं को अहंकारी बुराइयाँ दिखाई देती हैं। लेकिन जिन साहित्यकारों को अपने देश की धरती से प्यार है और इस देश की धरती पर बसने वालों से स्नेह है, जो साहित्य को युगांतरकारी भूमिका मानते हैं वे निरंतर आगे बढ़ रहे हैं। उनका साहित्य जनता का क्रोध और असंतोष प्रकट करता है और उसे आत्मविश्वास और दृढ़ता प्रदान करता है। उनकी रूचि जनता की रुचि से मेल खाती है और कवि उसे बताता है कि इस संसार को किस दिशा में बदलना है। एक श्रेष्ठ साहित्यकार समाज की अनुभूतियों से गहन संबंध स्थापित कर समाज का यथार्थ का चित्रण करता है तथा समाज को परिकर्तन की प्रेरणा देता है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने एक श्रेष्ठ तथा निकृष्ट साहित्यकार के सृजन में अंतर बताया है तथा संकुचित दृष्टि वाले साहित्यकारों पर व्यंग्य किया है।
  2. भाषा सरल, सरस और भावानुकूल है।
  3. तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज तथा विदेशज शब्दावली का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  4. मुहावरों का सटीक प्रयोग हुआ है।
  5. विचारात्मक शैली की प्रधानता है।

7. यदि समाज में मानव संखंध वही होते जो कवि चाहता है, तो शायद उसे प्रजापति बनने की ज्ञरुरत न पड़ती। उसके असंतोष की जड़ ये मानव-संबंध ही हैं। मानव-संखंधों से पर साहित्य नहीं है। कवि जब विधाता पर साहित्य रचता है, तब उसे भी मानव-संबंधों की परिधि में खींच लाता है।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ रामविलास शमी द्वारा रचित निबंध ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ से ली गई हैं। इस पाठ में लेखक ने कवि की तुलना प्रजापति से करते हुए उसे उसके कर्म के प्रति सचेत किया है।

व्याख्या : इन पंक्तियों में लेखक स्पष्ट करता है कि समाज में मानव-संबंध वैसे नहीं है जैसे कि कवि चाहता है, क्योंकि यदि ये संबंध कवि की इच्छा के अनुरूप होते तो कवि को प्रजापति बनने की आवश्यकता ही न पड़ती। प्रजापति का कार्य समाज का नवनिर्माण करना होता है, इसलिए कवि प्रजापति के रूप में व्याप्त जड़ संबंधों के प्रति असंतोष व्यक्त करते हुए नवीन मानवीय मूल्यों को स्थापित करना चाहता है। साहित्य भी मानव-संबंधों पर आधारित होता है। कवि जब साहित्य रचना करता है तो वह विधाता पर रहित साहित्य में भी मानवीय संबंधों को महत्व प्रदान करता है और उसमें भी मानवीय गुण आरोपित कर देता है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने साहित्य का आधार मानवीय संबंधों पर आधारित माना है।
  2. भाषा सहज, सरल तथा शैली विचारात्मक है।

8. इसलिए प्रजापति-कवि गंभीर यथार्थवादी होता है, ऐसा यधार्थवादी जिसके पाँव वर्तमान की धरती पर हैं और आँखें भविष्य के क्षितिज पर लगी हुई हैं। इसलिए मनुष्य साहित्य में अपने सुख-दुख की बात ही नहीं सुनता, वह उसमें आशा का स्वर भी सुनता है। साहित्य थके हुए मनुष्य के लिए विश्रांति ही नही है, वह उसे आगे बड़ने के लिए उत्ताहित भी करता है।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित निबंध ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें लेखक ने कवि को प्रजापति बताया है। व्याख्या इन पंक्तियों में लेखक कवि के रचना-संसार की चर्चा करते हुए लिखता है कि कवि प्रजापति इसलिए कहा जाता है क्योंकि उसके रचना जगत की प्रेरणा उसे इसी यथार्थ जीवन से प्राप्त होती है। वह कठोर वर्तमान में रहते हुए भी सुखद तथा सुंदर भविष्य के निर्माण का संदेश अवश्य ही देता है। यही कारण है कि साहित्य में मनुष्य को जहाँ अपने आज के सुख-दुख दिखाई देते हैं, वहीं उसमें सुखद भविष्य का स्वर भी सुनाई देता है। इस प्रकार साहित्य एक थके हुए संतृप्त मनुष्य को आनंद ही प्रदान नही करता, वरन उसे अपने लक्य की ओर बढ़ते रहने की प्रेरणा भी देता है।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने साहित्य को मनुष्य का मार्गदर्शक तथा निराशा में आशा की किरण दिखाने वाला माना है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान तथा शैली विचारात्मक है।

9. उसके चित्र के चमकीले रंग और पाश्र्वभूमि की गहरी काली रेखाएँ-दोनों ही यथार्थ जीवन से उत्पन्न होते हैं। इसलिए प्रजापति कवि गंभीर यथार्थवादी होता है, ऐसा यथार्थवादी जिसके पाँव वर्तमान की धरती पर हैं और आँखें भविष्य से क्षितिज पर लगी हुई हैं।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित निबंध ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ से ली गई हैं। इस निबंध में लेखक ने कवि की तुलना प्रजापति से करते हुए उसे उसके कर्म के प्रति सचेत किया है।

व्याख्या : इन पंक्तियों में लेखक स्पष्ट करता है कि जब कवि कोई रचना करता है तो उस रचना के माध्यम से वह अपनी रुचि के अनुसार संसार को अच्छा दिखाना चाहता है। उसकी रचना में व्यक्त भावनाएँ उसके वास्तविक जीवन से उत्पन्न होती हैं। इसलिए प्रजापति कवि अत्यंत गंभीर तथा वास्तविकताओं को व्यक्त करने वाला होता है। वह वास्तविकताओं को उजागर करते हुए उज्पव तथा उन्नत भविध्य का रेखांकन भी करता है। वर्तमान कैसा भी हो, परंतु भविष्य को वह सुनहरा दिखाना चाहता है।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने कवि प्रजापति को यथार्थवादी होने के साथ-साथ भविष्यदृष्टा भी माना है।
  2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान तथा शैली विचारात्मक है।

10. प्रजापति की अपनी भूमिका भूलकर कवि दर्पण दिखाने वाला ही रह जाता है। वह ऐसा नकलची बन जाता है जिसकी अपनी कोई असलियत न हो। कवि का व्यक्तित्व पूरे वेग से तभी निखरता है जब वह समर्थ रूप से परिवर्तन चाहने वाली जनता के आगे कवि पुरोहित की तरह बढ़ता है। इसी परंपरा को अपनाने से हिन्दी साहित्य उन्नत और समृद्ध होकर हमारे जातीय सम्मान की रक्षा कर सकेगा।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘अंतरा भाग-2’ में संकलित रामविलास शर्मा द्वारा रचित ‘यथास्मै रोचते विश्वम्’ नामक निबंध से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने समाज तथा कला का चित्रण किया है। लेखक ने कवि को प्रजापति की भूमिका में दिखाया है। प्रजापति की भूमिका की उपेक्षा कर कवि केवल चित्रकार-सा बन जाता है।

Class 12 Hindi Antra Chapter 19 Summary - Yathasamay Rochte Vishvam Summary Vyakhya

व्याख्या : लेखक का कथन है कि जब एक कवि अपनी प्रजापति की भूमिका को भूल जाता है तब वह केवल समाज का दर्पण दिखाने वाला ही बनकर रह जाता है। वह कोई निर्माण नहीं कर सकता। वह एक ऐसा नकल करने वाला बन जाता है जिसकी अपनी कोई वास्तविकता नहीं होती। एक कवि का व्यक्तित्व पूर्ण वेग के साथ तभी निखरता है जब वह समर्थ रूप से परिवर्तन चाहने वाली जनता के आगे पुरोहित के समान बढ़ता है। अर्थांत कवि केवल दर्पण दिखाने वाला नहीं बलिक समाज को परिवर्तित करने वाला होना चाहिए। इस परंपरा के अपनाने से हिंदी साहित्य उन्नत और समृद्ध होकर हमारे जातीय सम्मान की रक्षा कर सकेगा।

विशेष :

  1. लेखक ने कवि को पुरोहित की भूमिका के रूप में चित्रित किया है।
  2. भाषा सरल, सरस, साहित्यिक खड़ी बोली है।
  3. तत्सम तथा विदेशज शब्दावली है।

NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution

NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry. Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution. https://www.cbselabs.com/ncert-exemplar-problems-class-12-chemistry-solution/

NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution

Multiple Choice Questions

Single Correct Answer Type

Question 1. Which of the following unit is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour pressure?
(a) Mole fraction (b) Parts per million
(c) Mass percentage (d) Molality
Solution: (a) Mole fraction is useful in’relating vapour pressure with concentration of solution. According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
A is one component.
NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry chapter 2

NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry chapter 2

Question 2. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the following case dissolution of sugar will be most rapid?
(a) Sugar crystals in cold water (b) Sugar crystals in hot water
(c) Powdered sugar in cold water (d) Powdered sugar in hot water
Solution: (d) Since the solution is cool to touch, the dissolution is endothermic. Therefore, high temperature will favour dissolution. Further, powdered sugar has large surface area and is favourable for dissolution.

Question 3. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid
solvent is
(a) less than the rate of crystallisation
(b) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(c) equal to the rate of crystallisation
(d) zero
Solution: (c) At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of solid solute is equal to rate of crystallisation.

NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry

Question 4. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is
(a) saturated (b) supersaturated
(c) unsaturated (d) concentrated
Solution: (b) When small amount of solute is added to its solution and it does not dissolve and get precipitated then this solution is supersaturated solution.

Question 5. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified
amount of a given liquid solvent does not depend upon
(a) temperature (b) nature of solute
(c) pressure (d) nature of solvent
Solution: (c) Solubility of a solid in liquid does not depend on pressure because solid is practically incompressible.

number of moles of the mixture is the sum of the number of moles of each components that existed in the mixture, the mole fraction equation becomes.

NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry solutions 

Question 6. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to 
(a) low temperature
(b) low atmospheric pressure
(c) high atmospheric pressure
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
Solution: (b) At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is less but the body temperature remains same hence concentration of oxygen in the air as well as blood is less.

Question 7. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the following mixture will show a positive deviation from Raoulf s law?
(a) Methanol and acetone (b) Chloroform and acetone
(c) Nitric acid and water (d) Phenol and aniline
Solution: (a) Mixture of Methanol and acetone shows positive deviation because methanol-methanol and acetone-acetone interactions are more than methanol-acetone. The more number of hydrogen bonds are broken the less number of new H-bonds are formed.

NCERT exemplar chemistry class 12

Question 8. Colligative properties depend on
(a) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution
(b) the number of solute particles in solution
(c) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution
(d) the nature of solvent particles
Solution: (b) Colligative properties depend upon the number of solute particles in the solution and independent of its nature.

Question 9. Which of the following aqueous solution should have the highest boiling point?
(a) l.OMNaOH (b) 1.0MNa2SO4
(c) 1.0MNH4NO3 (d) l.OMKNO3
Solution: (b) 1.0 M Na2SO4 since it furnishes maximum number of ions (2Na+ + SO4).

class 12 chemistry exemplar solutions

Question 10. The unit of ebullioscopic constant is , – ;
NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry
Solution:
NCERT exemplar class 12 chemistry solutions
The unit of ebullioscopic constant is K kg mol-1 or K molality-1.

Question 11. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl2 solution is 1
(a) the same (b) about twice
(c) about three times (d) about six times
Solution: (c) 0.01 M solution of glucose does not ionize while 0.01 M MgCl2 solution furnishes 3 ions (Mg2+ + 2Cl) in the solution, hence the value of colligative property for MgCl2 solution is about 3 times.

Osmotic Pressure Calculator analyzes the amount of pressure required to completely halt the osmosis.

Question 12. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because 
(a) it gains water due to osmosis
(b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis
(c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis
(d) it loses water due to osmosis
Solution: (d) Water starts moving out of mango (lower concentration) to the salt solution (higher concentration) due to osmosis.

Question 13. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance
(a) is higher than that of a dilute solution
(b) is lower than that of a dilute solution
(c) is same as that of a dilute solution
(d) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution
Solution: (a)
NCERT exemplar chemistry class 12
where C is concentration of the solution. So, the higher the concentration of solution at given temperature the higher will be the osmotic pressure.

Question 14. Which of the following statement is false?
(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality-prepared in different solvents will have the same depression in freezing point.
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation 3.14(pi) = CRT (where C is the molarity of the solution).
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride, potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is
BaCl2> KCl > CH2COOH > sucrose
(d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Solution: (a) Value of A is different for different solvents. Thus, according to relation,
class 12 chemistry exemplar solutions
even for same molal solutions depression in freezing point will be different.

Question 15. The value of van’t Hoff factor.s for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are
(a) 2, 2 and 2 (b) 2, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 1, and 2 (d) 1, 1 and 1
Solution: (b) KCl (K+ + Cl ) and NaCl (Na+ + Cl ) ionize to give 2 ions and K2SO4(2K+ + SO4) ionizes to give 3 ions thus, van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4 are 2, 2 and 3 respectively.

Question 16. Which of the following statement is false?
(a) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
(b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower concentration of solute to a region of higher concentration.
(c) The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent.
(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.
Solution: (b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable
membrane from higher concentration of solute to lower concentration.

Question 17. Value of Henry’s constant KH
(a) increases with increase in temperature
(b) decreases with increase in temperature
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases then decreases
Solution: (a) Value of Henry’s constant increases with increase in temperature.

Question 18. The value of Henry’s constant KH is
(a) greater for gases with higher solubility
(b) greater for gases with lower solubility
(c) constant for all gases
(d) not related to the solubility of gases
Solution: (b) The higher the value of KH, the lower is the solubility of gas in the liquid.

Question 19. Consider the figure and mark the correct option.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution
(a) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B).
(b) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B).
(c) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B).
(d) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (A).
Solution: (b) Water will move from side 3 (concentrated sodium chloride solution) to side A (fresh water) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston B.

Question 20. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with
concentrations 0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions will be in the order
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-1
Solution: (c) The value of van’t Hoff’s factor will be iA=iB =iC due to complete dissociation of strong electrolyte (NaCl) in dilute solutions. On complete dissociation value of i for NaCl is 2.

Question 21. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option. Information:
(I) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture intermolecular interactions of A-A and B-B type are nearly same as A-B type interactions.
(II) In ethanol and acetone mixture A-A or B-B type intermolecular interactions are stronger than A-B type interactions.
(III) In chloroform and acetone mixture A-A or B-B type intermolecular interactions are weaker than A-B type interactions.
(a) Solution (II) and (III) will follow Raoult’s law.
(b) Solution (I) will follow Raoult’s law.
(c) Solution (II) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(d) Solution (III) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
Solution: (b) Solution A will follow Raoult’s law due to nearly same interactions between A-A, B-B and A-B. The solution formed will be nearly ideal.

Question 22. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of these beakers, labelled “A”, was filled with 400 mL water whereas’the beaker labelled “B” was filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the same temperature both the beakers were placed in closed containers of same material and same capacity as shown in figure.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-2
At a given temperature, which of the following statement is correct about the vapour pressure of pure water and that of NaCl solution.
(a) Vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in container (B).
(b) Vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in container (B).
(c) Vapour pressure is equal in both the containers.
(d) Vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour pressure in container (A).
Solution: (a) Since NaCl is a non-volatile solute, it will reduce vapour pressure of the solution. Hence, vapour pressure of pure water in container A is more than in container B.

Question 23. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific composiiion’hien
(a) A-B interactions are stronger than those between A-A or B-B.
(b) vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and B can escape from the solution.
(c) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the liquids escape from the solution.
(d) A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B.
Solution: (d) If A-B interactions < A-A or B-B the vapour pressure will be more and the result will be positive deviation. The solutions which show positive deviation form minimum boiling azeotropes.

Question 24. 4 L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by adding one litre of water. The molality of the resultant solution is
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.008 (c) 0.012 (d) 0.016
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-3

Question 25. On the basis of information given below, mark the correct option. Information: On adding acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds between methanol molecules break.
(a) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoulf s law.
(b) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture forms maximum boiling azeotrope and will show positive deviation from Raoulf s law.
(c) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show-negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(d) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope and will show negative deviation from Raoulf s law.
Solution: (a) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will show positive
deviation from Raoulf s law as it has lesser interactions than methanol- methanol and acetone-acetone interactions. Hence it forms minimum boiling azeotrope.

Question 26. KH value for Ar(g),CO2(g), HCHO(g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 x 10.5
and 0.413 respectively. 
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-4
Solution: (c) The higher the value of KH, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid. Hence the order of increasing solubility of the gases will be Ar <  CO2<CH4< HCHO

Question 27. Which of the following factor(s) affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume of liquid solvent?
(i) Nature of solute (ii) Temperature
(iii) Pressure
(a) (i) and (iii) at’constant T (b) (i) and (ii) at constant P
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (iii) only
Solution: (a, b) At constant temperature, the solubility of a gaseous solute in liquid depends on nature of solute and pressure. At constant pressure, solubility is dependent upon nature of solute and temperature.

Question 28. Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same strength as those between two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and toluene, which of the following are not true?
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-5
Solution: (c, d) For an ideal solution,
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-6
and benzene and toluene will form an ideal solution. Also, ideal solutions do not form minimum boiling azeotropes.

Question 29. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because
(a) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on the nature of the solute molecules.
(b) it depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on the nature of the solute particles.
(c) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the nature of the solute molecules.
(d) it depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or a non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the nature of solute molecules
Solution:(a, b) Relative lowering of vapour pressure depends on concentration of non¬electrolyte solute in solution and number of particles of electrolyte solute. It does not depend on nature of solute in both conditions.

Question 30.van’t Hoff factor i is given by the expression
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-7
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-8

Question 31. Isotonic solutions must have the same
(a) solute (b) density
(c) elevation in boiling point (d) depression in freezing point
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-9
Isotonic solutions must have same osmotic pressure at a given temperature hence must have same volume and number of moles i.e., same molar concentration. Thus, the isotonic solutions have same elevation in boiling point, and depression in freezing point.

Question 32. Which of the following binary mixtures will have same composition in liquid and vapour phase?
(a) Benzene-Toluene (b) Water-Nitric acid
(c) Water-Ethanol (d) 6-Hexane-n-Heptane
Solution: (b, c) Non-ideal solution mixtures with same composition in liquid and vapour phase are azeotropes. Water-nitric acid has maximum boiling azeotrope and water-ethanol has a minimum boiling azeotrope.

Question 33. In isotonic solutions
(a) solute and solvent both are same
(b) osmotic pressure is same
(c) solute and solvent may or may not be same
(d) solute is always same solvent may be different
Solution: (b, c) For isotonic solutions osmotic pressure is same, solute or solvent may not be same.

Question 34. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the variation in total vapour pressure versus composition of solution it given by which of the curves?
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-10
Solution: (a,d)for idea solution.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-11

Question 35. Colligative properties are observed when
(a) a non-volatile solid is dissolved in a volatile liquid
(b) a non-volatile liquid is dissolved in an another volatile liquid
(c) a gas is dissolved in a non-volatile liquid
(d) a volatile liquid is dissolved in an another volatile liquid
Solution: (a, b) Colligative properties are observed when a non-volatile solid or liquid are dissolved in a volatile liquid.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 36. Components of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separated by distillation. After some time separation of components stopped and composition of vapour phase became same as that of liquid phase. Both the components started coming in the distillate. Explain why does this happen?
Solution: Since both the components are coming in the distillate and composition of liquid and vapour phase become same, this shows that liquids have formed azeotropic mixture. Therefore, these components cannot be separated at this stage by distillation.

Question 37. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its boiling point.
Solution: NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of NaCl to water lowers the vapour pressure of water. As a result boiling point of water increases. On the other hand, methyl alcohol is more volatile than water, therefore its addition increases the total vapour pressure over the solution. As a result, boiling point of water decreases.

Question 38. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in solutions.
Solution: A substance dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in both the components. For example, polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents. Thus, we can say “like dissolves like”.

Question 39. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature. Explain.
Solution: Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Since volume depends on temperature and changes with change in temperature, therefore, the molarity will also change with change in temperature. On the other hand, mass does not change with change in temperature, and therefore, concentration terms such as mass percentage, mole fraction and molality which do not involve volume are independent of temperature.

Question 40. What is the significance of Henry’s law constant KH?
Solution: According to Henry’s law:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-12

Question 41. Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to warm water?
Solution: At a given pressure the solubility of oxygen in water increases with decrease in temperature. Therefore, the concentration of oxygen in sea is more in cold water and thus presence of more oxygen at lower temperature makes the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water.

Question 42. (a) Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law.
(i) Painful condition known as bends.
(ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude.
(b) Why does soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizz on opening?
Solution: (a)
(i) Deep sea divers depend upon compressed air for breathing at high pressure under water. The compressed air contains  N2 in addition to 02, which are not very soluble in blood at normal pressure. However, at great depths when the diver breathes in compressed air from the supply tank, more N2 dissolves in the blood and other body fluids because the pressure at that depth is far greater than the surface atmospheric pressure. When the diver comes towards the surface, the pressure decreases, N2 comes out of the body quickly forming bubbles in the blood stream. These bubbles restrict blood flow, affect the transmission of nerve impulses. The bubbles can even burst the capillaries or block them and starve the tissues of 02. This condition is called the bends, which are painful and life-threatening.
(ii) At high altitudes the partial pressure of 02 is less than that at the ground level. This results in low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the people living at high altitudes or climbers. The low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly known as anoxia.
(b) To increase the solubility of C02 in soft drinks, the soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. When the bottle is opened at room temperature under normal atmosphere conditions, the pressure inside the bottle decreases to atmospheric pressure and excess C02 fizzes out.

Question 43. Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that of water?
Solution: In pure liquid water, the entire surface of liquid is occupied by the molecules of water. When a non-volatile solute, such as glucose is dissolved in water some of the surface is covered by non-volatile glucose molecules. Therefore, the fraction of surface covered by the solvent molecules escaping. As a result
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface also gets reduced and consequently the vapour pressure of aqueous solution of glucose is reduced.

Question 44. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the phenomenon involved in the process.
Solution: When salt is spread over snow covered roads, it lowers the freezing point of water to such an extent that water does not freeze to form ice. As a result, the snow starts melting from the surface and therefore, it helps in clearing the roads. Hence, common salt acts as de-icing agent.

Question 45. What is a “semipermeable membrane”?
Solution: A membrane that permits the flow of solvent molecules not the solute molecules is called semipermeable membrane. During osmosis and reverse osmosis, only solvent molecules move across the semipermeable membrane.

Question 46. Give an example of a material used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying out reverse osmosis.
Solution: Cellulose acetate, potassium ferrocyanide, etc. are used as semipermeable membrane for carrying out reverse osmosis.

Matching Column Type Questions

Question 47. Match the items given in Column I and Column II.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-13
Solution: (i —> d), (ii —> c); (iii—> a); (iv b), (v —> f); (vi —> e)
(i) Saturated solution: A solution which contains maximum amounts of solute that can be dissolved in a given amounts of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
(ii) Binary solution: A solution with two components is known as binary solution.
(iii) Isotonic solution: A solution having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature as that of given solution is known as isotonic solution.
(iv) Hypotonic solution: A solution whose osmotic pressure is less than another is known as hypotonic solution.
(v) Solid solution: A solution in solid phase is known as solid solution.
(vi) Hypertonic solution: A solution whose osmotic pressure is greater than that of another is known as hypertonic solution.

Question 48. Match the items given in Column 1 with the type of solutions given in Column II.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-14
Solution: (i -» e), (ii -» c), (iii -» d); (iv —> b), (v —> a)
(i) Soda water: A solution of gas in liquid, e.g.,CO2  in soft drinks.
(ii) Sugar solution: A solution of solid in liquid in which sugar particles (solid) are dissolved in water (liquid).
(iii) German silver: This is an alloy which is a solid solution of solid in solid. It is an alloy of Cu, Zn and Ni.
(iv) Air: A solution of gas in gas..Air is a mixture of various gases.
(v) Hydrogen gas in palladium: This is an example of solution of gas in solid. This is used as a reducing agent.

Question 49. Match the laws given in Column I with expressions given in Column II.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-15

Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-16

Question 50. Match the terms given in Column I with expression given in Column II.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-17
Solution. (i —» d), (ii —» c), (iii —» b), (iv -> e), (v ->a)

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion and reason both are incorrect.
(e) Assertion is wrong but reason is correct.

Question 51. Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature. Reason (R): The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
Solution: (a) Molarity changes with temperature because volume changes with temperature.

Question 52. Assertion (A): When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water increases. Reason (R): When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, elevation in boiling point is observed.
Solution: (d) When methyl alcohol (volatile) is added to water, boiling point of water decreases because vapour pressure increases when volatile solute is added to volatile solvent;

Question 53. Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water, a depression in freezing point is observed. Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
Solution: (a) When a non-volatile solute is added to water, freezing point lowers due to lowering of vapour pressure.

Question 54. Assertion (A): When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, the solvent by a semipermeable membrahe, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side. Reason (R): Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of low concentration solution.
Solution: (c) Solvent molecules pass through the semipermeable membrane from region of low concentration solution to the region of high concentration solution.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 55. Define the following modes of expressing the concentration of a solution. Which of these modes are independent of temperature and why?
(i) w/w (mass percentage)
(ii) x (mole fraction)
(iii) VIV (volume percentage)
(iv) M (molarity)
(v) wIV (mass by volume percentage)
(vi) m (molality)
(vii) ppm (parts per million)
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-18
Mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature since mass does not change with temperature.

Question 56. Using Raoult’s law explain how the total vapour pressure over the solution is related to mole traction of components in the given solutions.
(a) CHCl2 andCH4Cl2(l)
(b) NaCl(s) and H2O(l)
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-19

Question 57. Explain the terms ideal and non-ideal solutions in the light of forces of interactions operating between molecules in liquid solutions.
Solution: Ideal solutions: The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known as ideal solution. For an ideal solution,
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-20

Question 58. Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation? How many types of such mixtures are there?
Solution: The solution or mixture having same composition in liquid as well as in vapour phase and boils at a constant temperature is known as azeotropes. Due to constant composition it cannot be separated by fractional distillation. There are two types of azeotropes
(i) Minimum boiling azeotropes: Solution which shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law form minimum boiling azeotropes at a specific composition, e.g., ethanol-water mixture
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes: Solutions which show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotropes, e.g., solution having composition 68% HN03 and 32% water by mass.

Question 59. When kept in water, raisin swells in size. Name and explain the phenomenon involved with the help of a diagram. Give three applications of the phenomenon.
Solution: Raisins swell in size on keeping in water. This happens due to the phenomenon of osmosis. The outer skin of raisin acts as a semipermeable membrane. Water moves from a place of lower concentration to a place of higher concentration through the semipermeable membrane. Thus, water enters inside the raisins and make them swell.
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-21
Applications of the phenomenon

  • Movement of water from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant is partly due to osmosis.
  • Preservation of meat against bacterial action by adding salt.
  • Preservation of fruits against bacterial action by adding sugar. Bacterium in canned fruit loses water through the process of osmosis, shrivels and dies.
  • Reverse osmosis is used for desalination of water.

Question 60. Discuss biological and industrial importance of osmosis.
Solution: Some essential importance of osmosis are given below:

  • In animals, circulation of water to all parts of body takes place due to osmosis.
  • Plant roots absorb water from soil due to osmosis. Concentration of cell sap inside the root hair cells is higher than that of water present in the soil. Water enters the root cells due to endosmosis.
  • Water absorbed by plant roots is circulated in the entire plant body and reaches to the top of a tall tree due to osmosis.
  • Osmosis helps in plant growth and germination of seeds.
  • Red blood cells burst when placed in water; it is due to endosmosis.
  • Various functions of plants are controlled by osmosis, e.g., stretching of leaves and flowers, opening and closing of flowers.
  • Use of salt and sugar in‘pickles and jams acts as preservatives. It prevents growth of bacteria and fungi by osmosis.
  • Dead bodies swell under water due to endosmosis.
  • When dried fruits and vegetables are placed in water, they slowly swell and return to the original form. It is again due to endosmosis of water into the fruits and vegetables.
  • Edema: Due to excess intake of salt by a person, the tissues become puffy, it is called edema. It is due to retention of water in the tissue owing to osmosis.

Question 61. How can you remove the hard calcium carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its semipermeable membrane? Can this egg be inserted into a bottle with a narrow neck without distorting its shape? Explain the process involved.
Solution: This can be achieved as under:
(i) Place the egg in a mineral acid solution for about 2 hours. The outershell of the egg dissolves. Remove any portion of it is left with your fingers.
(ii) Place the egg in a saturated solution (hypertonic) of sodium chloride for about 3 hours. Size of the egg is reduced as the egg shrivels due to osmosis.
(iii) Insert the egg in a bottle with a narrow neck. Add water to the bottle. Water will act as hypotonic solution, Egg regains shape due to osmosis. This is shown diagrammatically as under:
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-23

Question 62. Why is the molar mass determined by measuring a colligative property in case of some solutes abnormal? Discuss it with the help of van’t Hoff factor.
Solution: The compounds which dissociate or associate in the solvent show abnormal molecular masses.
(i) Association: Compounds like benzoic acid or ethanoic acid dimerise in benzene due to hydrogen bonding as a result of which the number of particles in the solution decreases. Since colligative properties depend upon number of particles, such solutes show lower colligative property.
(ii) Dissociation: Electrolytes like NaCl, KC1, etc. dissociate into ions which result in increased number of particles, hence higher value of colligative property.
To account for association or dissociation van’t Hoff introduced a factor T known as van’t Hoff factor. It is defined as Expected molar mass Abnormal molar mass _ Observed colligative property Calculated colligative property
Total number of moles of particles _ after association/dissociation Total number of moles of particles before association/dissociation
NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solution-24

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NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science. Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The method of preparing compost with the help of earthworms is called
(a) composting
(b) vermicomposting
(c) manuring
(d) decomposing.
Solution:
(b) Vermicomposting is the method of preparing compost with the help of redworms or earthworms.
Steps for vermicomposting are as follows :
(i) Dig a pit in a suitable place in your garden.
(ii) Spray sand on the floor of the pit.
(iii) Add vegetable peels and fruits waste in the pit.
(iv) Sprinkle water to keep it moist.
(v) Place redworms in the pit.
(vi) Cover loosely with a gunny bag or a layer of grass.
(vii) Leave it for 3-4 weeks. After 3-4 weeks vermicompost is ready.

Question 2.
If you dump kitchen waste in a pit, it may, after sometime
(a) convert into compost
(b) convert into vermicompost
(c) remain as such
(d) remain forever in its dried form.
Solution:
(a) Kitchen waste is biodegradable so it readily gets converted into compost. Vermicompost is formed when we introduce earthworms or redworms in the pit along with the waste.

Question 3.
Which of the following activities does not reflect responsible behaviour with regard to waste disposal?
(a) Goods carried m paper bags or cloth bags.
(b) Waste collected in polythene bags for disposal.
(c) Waste separated into those that degrade and those that do not.
(d) Making handicrafts with used up notebooks.
Solution:
(b) Polythene bags are non-biodegradable. They remain as such in the environment and harm it. So waste collected in polythene bags reflects irresponsible behaviour.

Question 4.
Paheli gave the following ill effects of the practice of burning dried leaves and other plant parts.
(i) Burning degrades the soil.
(ii) Burning produces harmful gases/fumes.
(iii) Precious raw materials to obtain manure at low cost is lost.
(iv) Lot of heat is generated unnecessarily.
The correct reasons of why we should not burn leaves are
(a) i, ii and iv only
(b) i, ii, iii and iv
(c) ii and iii only
(d) ii, iii and iv only.
Solution:
(b): Burning of dried leaves and other plant parts produces smoke and harmful gases/fumes that generate a lot of heat and are harmful to our health. Burning degrades the soil and also results in the loss of precious raw material that could be converted into useful compost.

Question 5.
A garbage collector separate items mentioned below in the garbage into red, green and blue containers for their transfer to
landfill, composting pit, and recycling unit respectively.
Items:
(i) Plastic bags
(ii) Newspaper and journals
(iii) Screw and nuts
(iv) Vegetable peels
(v) Metal chips
(vi) Egg shells
Which item was transferred to which bin?

RED GREEN BLUE
(a) (i) and  (iv) (ii) and (iii) (v) and (vi)
(b) (i) and  (iii) (ii) and (v) (iv) and (vi)
(c) (i), (iii) and (v) (iv) and (vi) (ii) only
(d) (i) and  (v) (ii) and (iv) (iii) only

Solution:
(c): Plastic bags, metal chips, screw and nuts are non-degradable so they should be transferred to a landfill. Vegetable peels and egg shells are biodegradable so they should be transferred to a composting pit. Newspapers and journals can be recycled, so they should be transferred to recycling unit.

Question 6.
The steps required for conversion of kitchen garbage into manure are given below in a jumbled form.
(i) Put garbage in a pit.
(ii) Cover the bottom of the pit with sand.
(iii) Cover the pit loosely with a gunny bag or grass.
(iv) Add worms.
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the above steps?
(a) (ii); (i); (iii); (iv)
(b) (i); (ii); (iii); (iv)
(c) (ii); (iv); (i); (iii)
(d) (iv); (i); (ii); (iii)
Solution:
(None) : The correct option should be (ii); (i); (iv); (iii). Refer to answer 1.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 7.
Read the items mentioned in columns-l and II and fill in the related process in the column III.

Column I Column II Column III
(a) Organic waste Earthworms (i) …………..
(b) Garbage Dig pit and fill with garbage (ii) …………..
(c) Old newspaper Paper bags (iii)…………..

Solution:

Column I Column II Column III
(a) Organic waste Earthworms (i)Vermicom­posting
(b) Garbage Dig pit and fill with garbage (ii) Landfill
(c) Old newspaper Paper bags (iii)Recycling

Question 8.
Correct the definitions of certain terms given below by changing only one word.
(i) Compost: Substances converted into manure for use in industries.
(ii) Lanfill: Garbage buried under water in an area.
(iii) Recycling: Reuse of unused material in the same or another form.
Solution:
(i) Compost: Substances converted into manure for use in agricultural fields.
(ii) Landfill: Garbage buried under soil in an area.
(iii) Recycling – Reuse of used materials in the same or another form.

Question 9.
Provide the suitable term that expresses the meaning of each of the following statements.
(a) Greeting cards made from newspaper.
(b) Contents of the waste bins.
(c) Worms converting certain kinds of waste into manure.
(d) An area where a lot of garbage is collected, spread out and covered with soil.
Solution:
(a) Recycling
(b) Garbage
(c) Vermicomposting
(d) Landfill

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 10.
To what use can you put the following kinds of garbage and how?
(i) Rotting smelly garbage
(ii) Dry leaves collected in a garbage
(iii) Old newspapers
Solution:
(i) Rotting smelly garbage can be converted into compost or vermicompost. Compost can be made by hurrying the organic waste (vegetable peels, fruit peels, dry leaves etc.) into a pit and covering it with soil. Vermicompost is made by using redworms-as fellows:

  • Dig a pit or keep a wooden box in a suitable place in your garden.
  • Spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand or a net or chicken mesh at the bottom of the pit or the box.
  • Spread the rotting smelly garbage along with dry leaves, dried stalks of plants, dried animal dung etc. over the layer of sand.
  • Sprinkle some water over it to make the layer moist, and keep the layer loose.
  •  Put redworms in the pit.
  •  Cover the pit loosely with a gunny bag or an old sheet of cloth or a layer of grass.
  • Compost will be ready in about a month (3-4 weeks).

(ii) Dry leaves collected in a garbage can be converted into compost or vermicompost. Refer to answer 10 (i).
(iii) Old newspapers can be used for covering the books, for making the paper bags, for making paper pulp for use in handicrafts and also for making recycled paper. For recycling, old newspapers can be given to the kabadiwala (junk dealer).

Question 11.
Paheli was writing a letter to her friend. She crumpled and threw the first draft of her letter on the floor as it had become untidy. Similarly she crumpled and threw 6 more papers on the ground. In the end, she picked them up and put them in a polythene bag and threw it on the road outside her house. Do you think Paheli’s action were responsible? What would you have done if you were in her place?
Solution:
Paheli’s action shows an irresponsible behaviour. By doing so, she is adding the garbage to the environment. Instead of throwing the used papers, she can use them in different ways. Moreover, by throwing polythene bag on the road, she is adding non-biodegradable waste to the environment. If I were, at her place, then I would have either used the waste paper for doing rough work or converted the waste paper into paper pulp to make handicraft items or recycled paper.

Question 12.
Read the poem written below and then answer the questions from the information gathered from the book or elsewhere.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out img-1
(i) Name the two kinds of waste that need to be separated from each other in two different waste bins.
(ii) Name two items of waste each that need to be sent to a (a) landfill, (b) for composting
Solution:
(i) The two kinds of waste that need to be separated from each other in two different waste bind are named as biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste. Two different coloured waste bins, green and blue can be used to separate garbage. The green bin would contain biodegradable waste that can be converted into compost by bacteria or earthworms. The blue bin would contain dry recycleable waste. The waste in green bin is used for composting while that in blue bin is used for landfill.
(ii) (a) The two items that can be sent to landfill are empty glass bottles and plastic plates.
(b) Kitchen wastes and animal dung can be sent for composting.

Question 13.
Beera, a farmer would clear his field every day, and burn dry leaves fallen on the ground. After some time he found that those living in huts near his field were suffering from cough and breathing problems.
(i) Can you explain why?
(ii) Also suggest an environment friendly way to dispose the dry leaves.
Solution:
(i) Burning of dry leaves produces harmful fumes and gases which cause cough, breathing problems etc. People living in huts near Beera’s field suffered from these problems as they inhaled the harmful fumes and gases released by the burning of dry leaves.
(ii) Dry leaves can be put in a pit for composting. Composting is a method of preparing manure. It is an environment friendly way to dispose the dry leaves. The manure produced from the dry leaves can be used by farmers in the agriculture field for enrichment of the soil.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 14.
Put a tick () against the garbage items given in Table 16.1 which could be converted into manure. Put a cross () against the others.

Garbage Items Make manure or not
(i) Egg shells
(ii) Straw
(iii) Dry flowers
(iv) Pebbles
(v) Broken pieces of glass
(vi) Nails and screws
(vii) Plastic bangles
(viii) Left over food
(ix) Steel broken vessel
(x) Dead animals

Solution:

Garbage Items Make manure or not
(i) Egg shells
(ii) Straw V
(iii) Dry flowers V
(iv) Pebbles X
(v) Broken pieces of glass X
(vi) Nails and screws X
(vii) Plastic bangles X
(viii) Left over food  ✓
(ix) Steel broken vessel X
(x) Dead animals

 

Question 15.
The pie charts A and B shown in Fig. 16.1 are based on waste segregation method adopted by two families X and Y respectively.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out Q15
Which of the two families X or Y do you think is more environmentally conscious and why?
Solution:
Family X is more environmentally conscious because it segregated biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances separately, and on the basis of the further use of the waste as for composting, recycling or landfill. It disposed kitchen waste (biodegradable) and polythene bags (non-biodegradable) separately unlike family Y who disposed kitchen waste and polythene bags together as one waste.

Question 16.
Given below are steps in vermicomposting and each step has been given an alphabet. Rearrange the steps in the correct sequence and write the alphabets on the chart provided. One step is done for you.
F Dig a pit in a suitable place, in your garden.
C Spread sand on the floor of the pit.
E Add vegetable peels and fruits waste in the pit.
A  Sprinkle water to keep it moist
D Place red worms in the pit
B Cover with a gunny bag or grass
Step 1 – F
2 –
3 –
4 –
5 –
6 –
Solution:
Step 1 – F
Step 2 – C
Step 3 – E
Step 4 – A
Step 5 – D
Step 6 – B

Question 17.
Write 3 sentences on what comes to your mind when you chance to see the following.

  1. A rag picker.
  2. A cow eating a polythene bag.
  3. Foul odour emanating from garbage at the entrance of your house.

Solution:

  1. (a)
    (i) A rag picker represents poor people or poverty around us.
    (ii) He removes the garbage generated by us by sorting out the recyclable waste from non- recyclable waste.
    (iii) He is exposing himself to the harmful substances generated by the solid waste.
  2. (b)
    (i) A cow eating a polythene bag shows irresponsible behaviour of humans towards disposal of garbage in the form of polythene bag.
    (ii) A cow eating a polythene is exposing itself to hazardous material generating from garbage.
    (iii) There is a possibility of polythene bag choking in the gut of animal which can lead to its death.
  3. (c)
    (i) Foul odour emanating from garbage at the entrance of our house represents the production of large quantity of waste.
    (ii) It shows our irresponsibility towards garbage disposal, as we are expecting others to clear the waste generated by us.
    (iii) The foul garbage shows unhealthy surrounding with unpleasant sight which would lead to the spread of diseases. It shows the irresponsible behaviour of the municipality concerned as they should get the garbage cleared from the city.

Question 18.
Beautiful hand crafted articles like boxes and toys are made of paper pulp in our country. Can you explain how paper pulp which is made from paper can be used to make hard boxes and other articles?
Solution:
The paper pulp obtained from paper is mixed with glue and saw-dust. Glue and saw-dust make the paper hard. For making hard boxes, toys, etc. few coats of this hard pulp is applied over the framework. It is then allowed to dried up. Once the pulp is dried up, hard boxes and toys can further be processed.

Question 19.
Recently, a ban on plastic bags has been imposed in many places? Is the ban justified? Give reasons in three sentences.
Solution:
Yes, a ban on plastic bags is justified because:

  1. Plastic gives out harmful gases on heating or burning. These gases may cause pollution and many health problems including cancer in humans.
  2.  People fill garbage in plastic bags and throw it away on roads and other places like garbage dumps. When stray animals look for food in these bags, they end up swallowing the bags too. This results in their death due to choking.
  3.  Plastic bags thrown away carelessly on roads and other places get into drains and the sewage system. As a result, drains get choked and the. water spills on the roads. During heavy rains, it might even create a flood like situation.

Question 20.
Why should we not burn plastic items?
Solution:
We should not burn plastic items because:

  1. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance, so it cannot be easily burnt.
  2. On burning, harmful gases and fumes are liberated out which are hazardous to the health of humans and animals and also to the environment.
  3.  The left over burnt pieces of plastic can be eaten by animals which may lead to their death by choking them.
  4.  The ashes left after burning of plastic are toxic in nature and thus, harm the environment.
  5.  Plastic is not environment friendly. Its burning causes soil pollution and air pollution.

Question 21.
What happens when

  1. cooking medium is made to flow down a drain
  2. insecticides, motor oil, paints are poured down the drain
  3. tea leaves, cotton swabs and old soft toys are thrown into the drain.

Solution:

  1. When cooking medium is made to flow down a drain, it may choke the pipes causing drainage problem and water spills. If the cooking medium reaches to the soil, it will clog the pores in the soil causing aeration problems which results in the death of useful microbes present in the soil, decrease in soil fertility and soil pollution.
  2. When insecticides, motor oil and paints are poured down the drain, they may choke the pipes causing drainage problem. On reaching the agricultural field; they clog the pores of soil leading to aeration problem. If the discharge reaches the water bodies, it pollutes the water and may cause various harmful diseases in aquatic animals.
  3. Tea leaves, cotton swabs and old soft toys may choke the drain if they are made to flow down the drain leading to drainage problems.

Question 22.
Answer the following questions in one or two words or sentences.

  1. Why should we prefer to use paper bags rather than polythene bags?
  2. Who, out of the following should properly dispose of th& garbage – father, mother, elder brother, younger sister?
  3. Which one out of beetles, roundworm and earthworm are used for vermicomposting and why?

Solution:

  1. We should prefer to use paper bags rather than polythene bags because paper bags can be recycled and degraded but polythene bags being non-degradable, are harmful for humans, animals, plants and for the environment.
  2. Every member of the family should properly dispose of the garbage as proper garbage disposal is not the responsibility of only one person. It should be a concern of every citizen be it is a mother, father, elder brother or younger sister.
  3. Earthworms are used for vermicomposting because earthworms convert waste from plants and animals or their products into compost.

We hope the NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage In, Garbage Out, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Body Movements

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Body Movements are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science. Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Body Movements.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Body Movements

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following parts of our body help us in movement?
(i) Bones
(ii) Skin
(iii) Muscles
(iv) Organs
Choose the correct answer from the option below.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Solution:
(a): Bones form the structural framework of body called skeleton. The skeleton along with muscles, helps our body parts to move. Muscles are like elastic bands which are attached to the bones by means of tough connecting bands called tendons. The muscles move the bones by their pull. Muscles cannot push. Therefore, to move the bone in one direction, at least two sets of muscles are required. A pair of two types of muscles help the bone to move. One of them contracts and becomes shorter, stiffer and thicker. This pulls the bone in one direction. The other muscle of the pair relaxes when one contracts. To move the bone in the opposite direction, the relaxed muscle contracts itself and brings the bone back to its original position. This time, the first muscle is relaxed.

Question 2.
Which of the following joints is immovable?
(a) Shoulder and arm
(b) Knee and joint
(c) Upper jaw and skull
(d) Lower jaw and upper jaw
Solution:
(c): Upper jaw and skull has immovable joints. In this type of joints there is no movement between the bones involved. So, these joints are immovable and fixed.

Question 3.
Which of the following organisms does not have both muscles and skeleton for movement?
(a) Dog
(b) Snail
(c) Earthworm
(d) Human being
Solution:
(None) : Earthworm does not have a skeleton. It has two sets of muscles one that makes it long and thin and the other that makes it fat. The contraction and relaxation of
these muscles help in movement. Snails have exoskeleton and muscles. Human beings and dogs have endoskeleton and muscles.

Question 4.
Underwater divers wear fin-like flippers on their feet to
(a) swim easily in water
(b) look like a fish
(c) walk on water surface
(d) walk over the bottom of the sea(sea bed).
Solution:
(a): While swimming, the muscle in the front part contracts, generating a curve on one side like a wave and the fin-like flippers move on the opposite direction exerting force against the surrounding water that push the underwater divers forward.

Question 5.
Snail moves with the help of its
(a) shell
(b) bone
(c) muscular foot
(d) whole body.
Solution:
(c) : During locomotion, the muscular foot of the snail comes outside and attaches to the ground. It forms a series of a wave like motion which helps the snail move forward. The foot of a snail has a special gland that produces a slimy mucus to make slippery track to help it move smoothly.

Question 6.
How many muscles work together to move a bone?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Solution:
(b): Two
Refer to answer 1.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 7.
Name the type of joint of your hand which help you to grasp a badminton racquet.
Solution:
Hinge joints present in our fingers help us to grasp the things.

Question 8.
What would have happened if our backbone was made of one single bone?
Solution:
We would not have been able to bend and twist our back if our backbone was made of one single bone.

Question 9.
Provide one word answers to the statements given below.

  1. joint which allows movement in all directions.
  2. Hard structure that forms the skeleton.
  3. Part of the body with a fixed joint.
  4. Help in the movement of body by contraction and relaxation.
  5. Bones that join with chest bone at one end and to the backbone at the other end.
  6. Framework of bones which gives shape to our body.
  7. Bones which enclose the organs of our body that lie below the abdomen.
  8. Joint where our neck joins the head.
  9. Part of the skeleton that forms the earlobe.

Solution:

  1. Ball and socket joint
  2. Bone
  3. Upper jaw with skull
  4. Muscles
  5. Ribs
  6. Skeleton
  7. Pelvic bones
  8. Pivotal joint
  9. Cartilage

Question 10.
Write the type of joint which is used for each of the following movements.
(a) A cricket bowler bowls the ball.
(b) A girl moves her head in right and left direction.
(c) A person lifts weights to build up his biceps.
Solution:
(a) Hinge joint and ball and socket joint
(b) Pivotal joint
(c) Hinge joint

Short Anser Type Questions

Question 11.
Match the name of the animals given in Column I with its body parts used for movement given in Column II.

Column I Column II
(a) Human being (i) Fines
(b) Cow (ii) Wings
(c) Snake (iii) Legs
(d) Eagle (iv) Whole body
(e) Fish (v) Limbs

Solution:
(a) – (iii)
(b) – (v)
(c) – (iv)
(d) – (ii)
(e) – (i)

Question 12.
Given below is a list of different types of movements in animals.
[Running, Jumping, Walking, Slithering, Crawling, Flying, Swimming, Creeping]
Write the types of movements seen in each animal.
(a) Duck
(b) Horse
(c) Kangaroo
(d) Snail
(e) Snake
(f) Fish
(g) Human beings
(h) Cockroach
Solution:
(a) Duck – Walking, Flying, Swimming
(b) Horse – Running, Walking
(c) Kangaroo – Jumping
(d) Snail – Creeping, Crawling
(e) Snake – Slithering
(f) Fish – Swimming
(g) Human beings – Walking, Running, Jumping, Swimming, Crawling
(h) Cockroach – Walking, Flying, Running

Question 13.
Boojho fell off a tree and hurt his ankle. On examination the doctor confirmed that the ankle was fractured. How was it detected?
Solution:
Doctor must have observed a swelling in the injured area and taken an X-ray of the ankle. X-ray images show the shapes of the bones in our body. By looking at the x-ray, doctor could have confirmed fracture in the ankle.

Question 14.
Bones are hard structures and cannot be bent. But, we can still bend our elbow, knee, etc. How is this possible?
Solution:
Bending of our body parts such as elbow, knee, back etc. is possible due to the presence of different types of joints between the bones. Elbow and knee are not made up of a single bone but two or more bones which are joined to each other by hinge joint. This joint along with the muscles help us to bend the elbow and knee.

Question 15.
Which type of movement would have been possible if
(a) our elbow had a fixed joint.
(b) we were to have a ball and socket joint between our neck and head.
Solution:
(a) Only those types of movements are possible which can be done without bending our arm like pointing to something etc.
(b) We would be able to rotate our head at 360°.

Question 16.
Earthworms are known as ‘farmer’s friends’. Why?
Solution:
Earthworms are called ‘farmer’s friends’. They improve the texture of soil. By burrowing into the soil, they make it loose, thus allowing air to enter into it and water to drain from it. They also form channels in the soil for roots to spread through. Earthworms also increase soil fertility by excreting the undigested materials into the soil.

 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 17.
(a) Unscramble the jumbled words and write them in the blank spaces provided.
(i) neosb ………………………….
(ii) tnemevom ………………………..
(iii) iontcaronct ……………………..
(v) arctigeal ………………………
(vi) epahs………………………..
(vii) sangro inerlant…………………
(viii) laxaeriont ………………………
(b) Read the following paragraph and fill in the blanks using the words you unscrambled.
__(a)__and __(b)___ form the skeleton of the human body. They provide the framework, give __(c)__to the body and help in _(d) _. They protect the_(e)_ The bones are moved by alternate_(f)_ and_(g)_of two sets of _(h)_ attached to them.
Solution:
(a)
(i) Bones
(ii) movement
(iii) Contraction
(iv) Muscles
(v) Cartilage
(vi) Shape
(vii) Internal organs
(viii) Relaxation
(b)
(a) Bones
(b) shape
(c) Cartilage
(d) movement
(e) Internal organs
(f) Contraction
(g) Relaxation
(h) Muscles

Question 18.
How is the skeleton of a bird well-suited for flying?
Solution:
Following features make the skeleton of a bird well – suited for flying :

  1. Shape of the body is streamlined which helps to move in air.
  2. Bones are hollow and light.
  3. Bones of forelimbs are modified into wings for flight.
  4. Bones of hindlimbs are specialised for walking, hopping and perching.
  5. Shoulder bones are strong.
  6. Breastbones hold flight muscles and are used to move the wings up and down.

Question 19.
In Fig. 8.2 there are two snakes of the same size slithering on sand. Can you identify which of them would move faster and why?
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Body Movements img-1
Solution:
A snake forms loops in its body while slithering. Each loop of the snake gives it a forward push by pressing against the ground. The snake with larger number of loops moves much faster than the snake with lesser number of loops. Thus snake “A” will move faster than snake “B”.

We hope the NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Body Movements will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Body Movements, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science. Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 2 Components of Food.

NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food

Multiple Choice Questions.

Question 1.
Which one of the following food item does not provide dietary fibre?
(a) Wholegrains
(b) Whole pulses
(c) Fruits and vegetables
(d) Milk
Solution:
(d): Dietary fibre is formed of cellulose and is obtained mainly from plant products. Whole grains, whole pulses, fruits and vegetables are rich sources of dietary fibre. Animal products (e.g. milk) do not contain dietary fibre.

Question 2.
Which of the following sources of protein is different from others?
(a) Peas
(b) Gram
(c) Soyabeans
(d) Cottage cheese (paneer)
Solution:
(d) : Peas, gram and soyabeans are the sources of plant proteins whereas cottage cheese (paneer) is the source of animal protein.

Question 3.
Which of the following nutrients is not present in milk?
(a) Protein
(b) Vitamin C
(c) Calcium
(d) Vitamin D
Solution:
(b) : Protein, calcium and vitamin D are present in considerable amounts in milk whereas vitamin C is present in negligible amount in milk.

Question 4.
Read the food items given below.
(i) Wheat
(ii) Ghee
(iii) Iodised salt
(iv) Spinach (palak)
Which of the above food items are “energy giving foods”?
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Solution:
(c): Fats and carbohydrates are energy giving foods. Ghee is rich in fats and wheat is rich in carbohydrates. So, these are energy giving foods. Iodised salt and spinach are protective foods because iodised salt contain minerals and spinach is rich in both minerals and vitamins.

Question 5.
Read the following statements about diseases.
(i) They are caused by germs.
(ii) They are caused due to lack of nutrients in our diet.
(iii) They can be passed on to another person through contact.
(iv) They can be prevented by taking a balanced diet.
Which pair of statements best describe a deficiency disease?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii)
Solution:
(c): Deficiency diseases are the diseases which are caused by deficiency of nutrients in the diet. These are non infectious and do not spread from one to another person.

Question 6.
Given below are the steps to test the presence of proteins in a food item.
(i) Take a small quantity of the food item in a test tube, add 10 drops of water to it and shake it.
(ii) Make a paste or powder of food to be tested.
(iii) Add 10 drops of caustic soda solution to the test tube and shake well.
(iv) Add 2 drops of copper sulphate solution to it.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the steps?
(a) i, ii, iv, iii
(b) ii, i, iv, iii
(c) ii, i, iii, iv
(d) iv, ii, i, iii
Solution:
(b): To test the presence of proteins in a food item, first make a paste or powder of food to be tested (ii), then take small quantity of the food item in a test tube, add 10 drops of water to it and shake it (i). After that add 2 drops of copper sulphate solution to it (iv), and finally add 10 drops of caustic soda solution to the test tube and shake well (iii). Let the test tube stand for a few minutes and observe the colour of the solution in the test tube. Appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of proteins in the given food item.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 7.
Unscramble the following words related to components of food and write them in thespace provided.
(a) reinpot___________
(b) menliars __________
(c) tivanmi ___________
(d) bocatradhyer _______
(e) nitesturn__________
(f) tfa_______________
Solution:
(a) Protein
(b) Minerals
(c) Vitamin
(d) Carbohydrate
(e) Nutrients
(f) Fat

Question 8.
Which of the following food items does not provide any nutrient
[Milk, Water, Orange juice, Tomato soup]
Solution:
Water does not provide us any nutrient yet it is essential for life.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks from the list of words given below.
(carbohydrate, fat, protein, starch, sugar, vitamin A, vitamin C, roughage, balanced diet, obesity, goitre)
(a) Egg yolk is rich in_____and egg albumin is rich in___.
(b) Deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking a____.
(c) Eating too much of fat rich foods may lead to a condition called____.
(d) The component of food that does not provide any nutrient to our body and yet is essential in our food is_____.
(e) The vitamin that gets easily destroyed by heating during cooking is ____.
Solution:
(a) fat, protein
(b) balanced diet
(c) obesity
(d) roughage
(e) vitamin C

Question 10.
Read the items of food listed below. Classify them into carbohydrate rich, protein rich and fat rich foods and fill them in the given table. Moong dal, fish, mustard oil, sweet potato, milk, rice, egg, beans, butter, butter milk (chhachh), cottage cheese (paneer), peas, maize, white bread.

Carbohydrate Rich Food Item (A) Protein Rich Food Item (B) Fat Rich Food Item (C)
…………………… ……………. ……………..
…………………… ……………. ……………..
…………………… ……………. ………………
…………………… ……………. ………………
…………………… ……………. ……………..
…………………… ……………. ……………..
…………………… ……………. ……………..
…………………… ……………. ……………..

Solution:

Carbohydrate Rich Food Item (A) Protein Rich Food Item (B) Fat Rich Food Item (C)
Sweet potato Moong dal Mustard oil
Rice Fish Cottage cheese
Maize Milk Milk
White bread Egg Egg
Beans Butter
Butter milk Fish
Cottage cheese
Pea

Question 11.
Tasty food is not always nutritious and nutritious food may not always be tasty to eat. Comment with examples.
Solution:
Tasty food is not always nutritious, e.g., burger, samosa, chowmin, potato chips etc. are very tasty but not nutritious. These foods contain refined flour (maida), spices and lot of oil which is not good for health. On the other hand, nutritious food may not always be tasty to eat, e.g., boiled vegetables, pulses etc. are not always tasty but are very good for health. These foods contain important nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals etc.) which help to make us strong and healthy.

Question 12.
While using iodine in the laboratory, some drops of iodine fell on Paheli’s socks and some fell on her teacher saree. The drops of iodine on the saree turned blue black while their colour did not change on the socks. What can be the possible reason?
Solution:
The saree of Paheli’s teacher might have been starched. As starch turns blue black with iodine solution, so the saree also turned blue- black. Paheli’s socks did not have starch thus did not show any colour change.

Question 13.
Paheli and Boojho peeled some potatoes and cut them into small pieces. They washed and boiled them in water. They threw away the excess water and fried them in oil adding salt and spices. Although the potato dish tasted very good, its nutrient value was less. Suggest a method of cooking potatoes that will not lower the nutrients in them.
Solution:
Potatoes are nutritious vegetables that provide carbohydrates, vitamins (especially vitamin C), minerals and dietary fibre. Consuming potatoes along with their skin (peel) provides extra dietary fibre and nutrients. A method of cooking potatoes that will not lower their nutrient value is :
Wash the potatoes and cut them into thin slices. Cook the potatoes in little amount of oil and some water by adding salt and spices. Cover the cooking pot while cooking. This method helps to conserve the nutrients of potatoes.

Question 14.
Paheli avoids eating vegetables but likes to eat biscuits, noodles and white bread. She frequently complains of stomach ache and constipation. What are the food items that she should include in her diet to get rid of the problem? Give reason for your answer.
Solution:
Paheli must include whole grains, whole pulses, fresh fruits and vegetables in her diet to get rid of her problem. These food items contain roughage (dietary fibre) which is lacking in Paheli’s diet. Biscuits, noodles and white bread are made up of refined flour (maida) which does not contain any roughage. Roughage prevents constipation, since it allows the waste matter to move more easily down the lower intestine helping us to get rid of undigested waste.

Question 15.
(a) List all those components of food that provide nutrients.
(b) Mention two components of food that do not provide nutrients.
Solution:
(a) Components of food that provide nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
(b) Components of food that do not provide nutrients are roughage and water.

Question 16.
‘Minerals and vitamins are needed in very small quantities by our body as compared to other components, yet, they are an important part of a balanced diet’. Explain the statement.
Solution:
Minerals and vitamins are needed in very small quantities but are essential for the normal functioning of our body. It is because
(i) They are protective foods and help in protecting our body against diseases.
(ii) They help in normal growth of our body.
(iii) They help in maintaining good health.

Question 17.
‘Water does not provide nutrients, yet it is an important component of food’. Explain.
Solution:
Water is a vital component of our food because
(i) Water helps our body to absorb nutrients from food.
(ii) Water helps in removing wastes in the form of urine and sweat.
(iii) Water transports nutrients throughout the body.
(iv) Water helps to maintain temperature of our body.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 18.
Boojho was having difficulty in seeing things in dim light. The doctor tested his eyesight and prescribed a particular vitamin supplement. He also advised him to include a few food items in his diet.
(a) Which deficiency disease is he suffering from?
(b) Which food component may be lacking in his diet?
(c) Suggest some food items that he should include in his diet, (any four)
Solution:
(a) He is suffering from night blindness, which is the inability to see in dim light.
(b) Vitamin A may be lacking in his diet because night blindness is caused by the deficiency of vitamin A.
(c) Carrot, papaya, mango, milk, green leafy, vegetables, fish oil, etc. are food items rich in vitamin A. Therefore, Boojho should include these items in his diet.

Question 19.
Solve the cross-word puzzle given as fig. 2.1 from the dues given below.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food - 1
Across
1. Lack of nutrients in our diet over a long period causes these diseases (10)
2. Rice and potato are rich in this type of carbohydrate (6)
3. Deficiency disease in bones making it become soft and bent (7)
4. The diet that provides all the nutrients that our body needs, in right quantities, along with adequate amount of roughage and water (8, 4)
5. Deficiency disease with bleeding gums (6)
6. Disease caused due to deficiency of iodine (6)
Down
7. Starch and sugar in our food are rich in this type of energy giving nutrient (13)
8. The term given to the useful components of food (9)
9. The disease caused by deficiency of iron in diet (7)
10. Green leafy vegetables, liver and apples are rich in this mineral (4)
11. Deficiency disease caused due to lack of vitamin B in the diet (8)
Solution:
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food img-1
Question 20.
Observe the items given in Fig. 2.2 carefully and answer the questions that follow.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food img-2
(a) Food item rich in carbohydrates is___(i)______
(b) Egg is a rich source of protein, the mineral____(ii)__and vitamin __(iii)______
(c) ____(iv)___is a rich source of fat.
(d) Milk provides __(v)____ vitamin D and ___(vi)____(mineral).
(e) ___(vii)____(fruit) is a rich source of vitamin A.
(f) Spinach is a good source of the mineral__(viii)____
(g) Both eggs and ___(xi)____are rich in___(x)______
Solution:
(a) (i) chapati
(b) (ii) phosphorus (iii) D
(c) (iv) Butter
(d) (v) protein (vi) calcium
(e) (vii) Papaya
(f) (viii) iron
(g) (ix) peas (x) proteins

Question 21.
SNAKES AND LADDERS
Make a board-game just like ‘snakes and ladders’ with 10 x 10 grid boxes.
The mouth of the snake will represent the faulty food habit or faulty method of cooking. Its tail will represent the deficiency disease caused or loss of any nutrient in food.
Similarly, the box at the base of a ladder will represent healthy food habit or healthy method of cooking. Its upper end will represent the beneficial effect of that habit. An example is given as Fig. 2.3. Complete the board and play with your friends.
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food img-3
Solution:
The terms to be put at the mouths and tails of snakes at different grid numbers are as follows

Mouth of snake (Faulty food habits or Cooking method) Tail of snake (Deficiency disease or loss of nutrient)
17. Eating food deficient in protein 7. Kwashiorkor
54. Lack of exposure to sunlight 34. Rickets
62. Absence of iron in diet 19. Anaemia
64. Less intake of fibre rich food 60. Constipation
83. Excessive cooking (or heating) of food 73.Vitamin C
95. Not taking green leafy vegetables and yellow fruits 75. Vitamin A deficiency
98. Not using iodised salt for cooking 79. Goitre

The terms to be put at the base and upper end of the ladders at different grid number are as follows:

Base of ladder (Healthy food habit or cooking method) Upper end of ladder (Beneficial effect of that habit)
4. Intake of milk, cheese and green vegetables 14. Upper end of ladder(Beneficial effect of that habit
9. Regular consumption of spinach, liver and apple 14. Healthy bones and teeth
19. Eating carrots, papaya  and banana 38. Sufficlient haemoglobin
21. Eating whole grains, pulses and fruits 42. Proper bowel movement
51. Drinking plenty of water 67. Body remains hydrated
71. Intake of citrus fruits 91. Healthy gums
80. Avoiding junk foods 100. Staying fit and healthy

We hope the NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Components of Food will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 2 Components of Food, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.