Category: Class 10

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank

Let’s Begin:

The World Wars fought in the past stand testimony to the fact that fighting wars brings severe human suffering. The sufferers, including women and ✓ children are left behind with trauma and indelible impressions on their minds. You have read in the Class X English textbook the account of one such war in the diary of Anne Frank who captured the miseries of war in her diary. Discuss how you may relate to Anne Frank’s feelings of alienation and isolation.

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
The following excerpt is from the diary of Lena Mukhina, a teenage girl who had undergone the atrocities of Germans when they fortified the city of Leningrad. The siege of Leningrad is an important landmark in the history of Russia. The siege of Leningrad lasted from September 1941 to 1944. The city was cut off from the rest of Russia. The Germans continuously bombarded the city which resulted in death, destruction, and starvation of the people. However, the resolute Russians were warned in the beginning that the enemy was at the gate and it was a question of life and death. They fought bravely and failed the Germans in their evil designs.

Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
Foreword from The Diary of Lena Mukhina:
No one could possibly have known that the city would remain in the grip of siege for 872 days and nights. But Leningrad’s citizens had begun to feel the breath of war as early as September. Daily air raids and artillery bombardment of residential neighbourhoods drove the city’s inhabitants into bomb shelters, several times a day, and for hours at a time. People’s initial curiosity in the aftermath of the first bomb attacks soon gave way to fear and then, in conditions of appalling hunger and cold, to apathy.

Leningraders welcomed inclement weather for the reduced visibility it brought. They came to dread sunny days and moonlit nights, when the Germans would be sure to bomb their city. Cloud cover, however, offered no protection from artillery fire: in just over six months from the start of the siege there were only thirty-two days when shells did not explode on the city’s streets.

Hunger soon set in. Between September and November 1941 the bread rations that had been announced in July were reduced five times, reaching their lowest point on 20 November – 125 ‘blockade grams’ for children, dependents and white-collar workers and 250g for manual workers, technicians and engineers. Rations of meat, butter, sugar and other food items were severely reduced. The summer months and the beginning of autumn, when it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.

Question 1.
Infer the meanings of the following expressions. The first has been done for you as an example.
(a) to feel the breath of war: there were indications that war was going to start soon
(b) appalling hunger and cold: ___________.
(c) start of the siege: ___________.
(d) blockade grams: ___________.
Answer:
(b) the extreme conditions of hunger and inclement weather.
(c) from the beginning of the blockade; i.e., since the time blockade process started.
(d) during the seige food for people had been stipulated; no more than the stipula ted was allowed.

Question 2.
List the words from the: passage which are related to the war, for example ‘bombardment’.
Answer:
List of words is – raid, attack, appal siege, shells, explode.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Who were the captives as stated in the above passage?
(b) Why did the people under siege welcome the bad weather conditions?
(c) What were the fears in the mind of the people?
(d) Have the people lost hope or reconciled to the existing situation?
Answer:
(a) The captives were the Leningraders, (the citizens of Leningrad)

(b) People welcomed the bad weather conditions because it brought with it reduced visibility which did not allow the Germans to locate them to bombard.

(c) The fears in the minds of the people were

• they would be bombarded to death.
• they would be starved to death as the food supply was insufficient.

(d) People neither lost hope nor reconciled to the existing situation; they fought and liberated Leningrad from the clutches of the Germans.

Question 4.
Tick the correct answer
‘…when it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.’ It means:
(a) There was hope of getting ration soon.
(b) Citizens under siege had to show their ration cards for buying food.
(c) There were shops and canteen for buying food for the people under siege.
(d) The possibility of buying the food without a ration card as in the past, was no more than a memory now.
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) X
(d) ✓

Text – II
There are many ways of recording the events, news, and personal experiences. Diary writing, logbook, daybook, journal, etc. are a few to name. The journal writing is about writing the everyday record of an event or writing about an event, activity or experience, etc
The following is an excerpt from the beginning of A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe.

A Journal of the Plague Year:
It was about the beginning of September, 1664, that I, among the rest of my neighbours, heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again.

We had no such thing as printed newspapers in those days to spread rumours and reports of things, and to improve them by the invention of men, as I have lived to see practiced since. But such things as these were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who corresponded abroad, and from them were handed about by word of mouth only; so that things did not spread instantly over the whole nation, as they do now.

But it seems that the Government had a true account of it, and several councils were held about ways to prevent its coming over; but all was kept very private. Hence, it was that this rumour died off again, and people began to forget it as a thing we were very little concerned in, and that we hoped was not true; till the latter end of November or the beginning of December 1664 when two men, said to be Frenchmen, died of the plague in Long Acre, or rather at the upper end of Drury Lane.

The family they were in endeavoured to conceal it as much as possible, but as it had gotten some vent in the discourse of the neighbourhood, the Secretaries of State got knowledge of it; and concerning themselves to inquire about it, in order to be certain of the truth, two physicians and a surgeon were ordered to go to the house and make inspection. This they did; and finding evident tokens of the sickness upon both the bodies that were dead, they gave their opinions publicly that they died of the plague. Whereupon, it was given in to the parish clerk, and he also returned them to the Hall; and it was printed in the weekly bill of mortality in the usual manner, thus – Plague 2. Parishes infected 1.

Question 1.
The above passage is written in the English that was prevalent in the eighteenth century. Find some words and phrases from the text which seem different as compared to the English language usage at present. List them and find an appropriate substitute for each. Look at the example given below:
Example : whence – when
Answer:
whither – where
candia – crete
practiced – practised

Question 2.
Answer the following questions:
(a) What is being talked about in the first paragraph of Daniel Defoe’s journal?
(b) How was news about important events circulated during those days?
(c) Why did the rumour about the plague die off?
(d) How was the news about the plague confirmed ?
Answer:
(a) That plague was returned again to Holland.

(b) News about important events were circulated through word of mouth during those days. Such things were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who corresponded abroad.

(c) The Government had a true account of plague coming over to Holland. Several councils were held about ways to prevent it but all was kept very private. Thus the rumour about it died off with passage of time.

(d) When two French men died off in 1664 in Long Acre; two physicians and a surgeon inspected their bodies and confirmed that they had died of plague.

Question 3.
Tick the correct answer.
‘… the weekly bill of mortality’ means:
(а) The weekly payment of dues
(b) The weekly news about the deaths
(c) The statement about the hospital expenditure issued every week
(d) The list which was issued weekly, of persons who died due to plague
Answer:
(a) x
(b) x
(c) x
(d) ✓

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Choose a word or expression that completes each of the following sentences. One has been done for you.
(а) I can’t tell you the plan because I don’t know about it.
(him her it them)

(b) One should learn to defend ___________ against bullies.
(herself itself himself oneself)

(c) The girls ___________ were helping you were probably Rahul’s friends.
(which who that they)

(d) These dresses belong to you. I am sure they are ___________.
(yours your yours’ theirs)

(e) The fire caused serious ___________ to the group of houses.
(damage damages injuries injury)

(f) The board was ___________ plans for the tournament.
(concerned to concerned at concern about concerned with)
Answer:
(b) oneself
(c) who
(d) yours
(e) damage
(f) concerned with

Grammar:

Idiomatic expressions:
Question 1.
Refer to the lesson ‘From the diary of Anne Frank’ in your Class X textbook. There are some idiomatic expressions in the text.
For example:
(a) Our entire class is quaking in its boots.
Quake in (one’s) boot: to tremble with fear or nervousness

(b) Until then we keep telling each other not to lose heart.Not to lose one’s heart: not to lose hope or not to feel demoralised.
Now, look at the idiomatic expressions given below. Use a dictionary to find out the meanings. Make sentences using the expressions.
all’s fair in love and war icing on the cake
call the shots chalk and cheese
raining cats and dogs breaking the ice
Answer:

• all’s fair in love and war: In the game of love and war, no step whatsoever inhuman or cruel, can be considered improper.
• icing on the cake : an attractive but inessential addition or enhancement.
• call the shots : to take initiative in deciding how something should be done.
• chalk and cheese : fundamentally different or incompatible.
• raining cats and dogs : to rain heavily; torrential rain.
• breaking the ice : relieve tension or get conversation going at the start of a party or between strangers.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks using the contracted forms of the verbs. One has been done for you.
This is a beautiful flower. Is not it? Isn’t it?
(а) You should not eat so much. You eat so much.
(b) They have written the story. written the story.
(c) Let us go watch a movie. go watch a movie.
(d) He did not play tennis. He play tennis.
(e) I could not find my friend in the crowd.
I ___________ find my friend in the crowd.
(f) Here is your bag. your bag.
(g) I would guide him. guide him.
(h) They are not rich. They rich.
Answer:
(a) shouldn’t
(b) They haven’t
(c) Let’s
(d) didn’t
(e) couldn’t
(f) Here’s
(g) I’d
(h) aren’t

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs given below. Change the tense of the verbs wherever required.
(breakdown, find out, look for, go out, check cut)
Suhasini wanted to ___________ with her mother to the book shop. Her mother came back home very late. She said that her car on the way back. She had to a mechanic. She ___________ several apps for roadside assistance but then ___________ that her internet was not working.
Answer:
go out, had broken down, look for, checked out, found out.

Editing:

Question 1.
Read this quote from Max Muller. There are errors in the text. Find out the errors and write the correct word in the space provided
“If I was asked under what sky the human mind ___________ has most fully developed some for its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems ___________ of life, and has find solutions of some of them which ___________ well deserve the attention even of them who have studied Plato and Kant, I should pointed to India. And if I were to ask me from what literature ___________ we who has been nurtured almost exclusively ___________ on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of the Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw the corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, ___________.
more comprehensive, more universal, in fact most truly human a life… ___________
again I should point to India.”
by Max Muller
(Source: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/ 1039434-if-i-were-asked-under-what-sky-the-human- mind)
Answer:

• what – which
• some – itself
• on – over
• find – found
• deserve – deserves
• kant – kent
• what- which
• has – have
• more perfect – perfecter
• human – a human

Listening:

Question 1.
Listen to the following YouTube link on ‘The Siege of Leningrad’ and make notes in the first box. Then write a narrative account of it in the second box.
(Source: 8th September 1941: Start of‘The Siege of Leningrad’ https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=5n2ymOLHyRU)

Answer:
First Box
(I) Leningrad, now known as Saint Petersberg:

• a significant Soviet city
• a centre of industrial production
• had military base for the Baltic.

(II) Operation Barbarossa’s invasion on 22nd June 1941.

• goal was to capture Leningrad.
• Field Marshal Von Leeb reached south and
• Finnish army approached North.
• Civilian prepared fortifications
• Leningrad was surroundeed; communication lines severed.
• Hitler ordered the city be starved.
• One million civilians died.
• Siege lasted for 870 days.
• The Red army repelled the Germans.
• Lifted siege in Jan 1944.

IInd Box:
Leningrad, now known as Saint Petersberg was invaded on 22nd June 1941 and captured by operation Barbarossa’s invasion. Field Marshal Von Leeb captured South and the Finnish Army, north. Civilians prepared fortifications. Leningrad was surrounded and communication lines were severed. Owing to Hitler’s order to starve the city to submission, over one million people died. The siege lasted for 870 days. In January 1944, the Red Army repelled the German forces.

Speaking:

1. The following poem is taken from The Diary of Lena Mukhina.
(a) Ask your teacher to recite the poem. Listen to the poem attentively and identify the qualities mentioned.
(b) Discuss these qualities with your partner.
(c) Think of a person who has some of these qualities and talk about them to your partner. You can highlight the incidents and actions of the person that reflect these qualities.
Lena Mukhina’s Diary
22 May 1941 – 25 May 1942
‘Remember My Sad Story : Lena Mukhina’s Siege Diary’
Consider any day on which you do not discover anything new or learn anything useful a lost day!
Anyone can become strong, smart and steadfast. There is only one essential requirement – will power!
Will power can conquer anything.
A strong-willed person is persistent and determined.
People are not born brave, strong and smart. These qualities must be acquired through perseverance and with determination, like the ability to read and write.
Answer:
(a) Qualities mentioned in the poem are : strong, smart, steadfast, strong will-power, strong willed person, persistent, determined, perseverance, determination.

(b) Discuss with partner

(c) One such person who has some of these qualities is known to me. In my childhood; baby- stealer used to move around. A culprit attempted to kidnap me giving me lolly-pop to be engaged with. As soon as that person saw from a distance that I was being made to sit on a cycle of his; he raised the alarm and started chasing us. He succeeded; caught us. I was handed over to my parents; and the baby stealer, to the police.

Writing:

Question 1.
You have read in the passage ‘A Journal of the Plague Year’ by Daniel Defoe about how the news of plague was reported in those times. What are the means of reporting today?
Answer:
e-mail, SMS, twitter, Whatsapp, hike, telegram, facebook, instagram, linkedin, telegraph, messenger, mobile phone, landline phone, gmail.

Question 2.
Write a report on any one of the following – conservation of environment, plantation of trees, waste disposal, water harvesting, and the cleanliness drive under Swaehh Bharat Abhiyan carried out in your locality.
Answer:
Swaehh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a nationwide cleanliness campaign. It has been implemented to fulfil the vision and mission of clean India one day. It was launched especially on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi as he always dreamed and was very keen to make this country a clean country. He had tried for clean India during his time by motivating people through his campaigns and slogans. However it was only partially successful because of the limited involvement of the people of India.

But after so many years, Swaehh Bharat Mission was again started by the Government of India to make the dream of clean India come true till 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It was started in 2014 on 2nd Oct. on the 145th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It is a big challenge for all the citizens of India. It is only possible if each and every person living in India would understand this campaign, their responsibility and try to join hands to make it successful.

The mission is promoted by many famous personalities to spread this mission as an awareness programme throughout the country. In order to ensure cleanliness, UP CM Yogi Adityanath has banned chewing of Paan, Gutka and other tobacco products in the government offices across the state since March 2017.

Project:

Question 1.
Work in groups of four. Find out about ‘The Bengal famine of 1943’. It was a major famine in the Bengal province in India during World War II. Collect information on the following points on The Bengal famine of 1943 for the project:
(а) Affected area(s)
(b) Reasons of famine
(c) Relief measures
(d) Pictures, films, etc.
Prepare a poster using pictures and highlighting the information you have collected. Give a title of your choice to the poster and display it in the class.
Answer:
The Bengal Famine of 1943

I hate Indians. They are beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits – Winston Churchill.

Dead bodies of human beings strewn all over.

Departure to nearby towns and cities in search of food.

Starvation and malnutrition at its peak. Epidemics kill thousands of people.

Cholera, typhoid, malaria, small-pox and enteric kill thousands.

No medical aid availabale to the massess.

People are compelled to see their near and dear ones dying for want of no medical aid.

Comparative study of Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Bengal Famine of 1943.
Answer:

• “I hate Indians. They are beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits.” – Winston Churchill.
• Dead bodies of human beings strewn all over.
• Departure to nearby towns and cities in search of food.
• Starvation and malnutrition at its peak. Epidemics kill thousands of people.
• Cholera, Typhoid, malaria, small-pox and enteric kill thousands.
• No medical aid availabale to the masses.
• People are compelled to see their near and dear ones dying for want of no medical aid.
• Comparative study of Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Bengal Famine of 1943.

Do You Know:
One of the three islands in the Juan Fernandez archipelago, 700 km off the Pacific coast of Chile was discovered in the 16th century. Alexander Selkirk, the Scottish sailor was marooned there for four years and four months. He related his experience to Daniel Defoe, who wrote his famous adventure book Robinson Crusoe based on the sailor’s experience, since then the island is known as Robinson Crusoe.

There is a seemingly unbelievable true story of the orphaned bear cub, which was found by Polish troops during World War II who travelled with them through Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Italy and Scotland. During the war, Wojciech Narebski and his fellow Polish servicemen had to lift crates of heavy metal artillery. Fortunately for them, one of the soldiers had superhuman strength: Corporal Wojtek, a Syrian brown bear.

When the bear saw that soldiers were struggling, he’d want to help… he’d come over, grab a crate and carry it to the truck. This can be heavy work, even for a bear. When Wojtek (bear) got tired, he would simply stack one crate on top of the other which also helped the soldiers because they didn’t have to lift the crate off the ground. Of course, Corporal Wojtek (bear) got a reward of honey and marmalade. That was his favourite!
You know, things can happen that you wouldn’t normally think are true. Collect some more stories under the title – ‘Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.’
Answer:
A story under the title
‘Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.’
My grandmother, being religious by nature, frequently went on a pilgrimage and always opted me to accompany her on the journey. Once she chose my brother instead of me and went. Being displeased with her, I decided not to talk to her. Anyway her journey had been satisfying and fruitful. When she came back; she approached me to talk. I refused but she insisted. Then she understood everything.

She told me how I had made her previous journey a nightmare due to my stubborn behaviour. I had insisted for an iron rod round shaped wheel and something to run it with. Although she was fed up; she somehow managed it from a stranger’s house and gave me to play with. When I had a nap; she gave it back resumed her onward journey. Thus I got back to my senses and realised my mistake. My grandmother was not at fault whom I wanted to punish; it was I who was guilty.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 3 Two Stories about Flying

Let’s Begin:

You have read two stories about flying. ‘His First Flight’ is about how a young bird learns to fly and ‘Jilack Aeroplane’ is a mystery.

1. Read the story, ‘His First Flight’ again. Working in groups of four, answer the following questions selecting the correct option.

Question 1.
The young seagull was afraid of flying because ___________.
(a) he felt his wings would not support him
(b) other bird knew to fly very well
(c) the sea was very large
(d) his mother and father threatened him
Answer:
(a) he felt his wings would not support him

Question 2.
Why did his family taunt him about his cowardice?
(a) He went with his sisters and brothers.
(b) He was not listening to them.
(c) He was not accepting their request to fly with them.
(d) He was not liked by them at all.
Answer:
(c) He was not accepting their request to fly with them.

Question 3.
How did the young seagull start flying?
(a) His mother showed him the fish and moved away from him to make him fly.
(b) His brothers and sisters trained him to fly.
(c) He was hungry and he moved to fly in search of food.
(d) He did not learn to fly at all.
Answer:
(a) His mother showed him the fish and moved away from him to make him fly.

Question 4.
Which of the following statements is not true of the young seagull?
(а) He was lazy and did not want to fly.
(b) He wanted to fly, but was afraid of flying.
(c) His mother, father, brothers, and sisters helped him to fly.
(d) His hunger made him fly.
Answer:
(а) He was lazy and did not want to fly.

Question 5.
Say whether the following statements about the seagull are true or false.
(а) The young seagull liked to fly with his brothers and sisters. ( )
(b) The young seagull was hungry so he started to fly. ( )
(c) He was scared of flying first. ( )
(d) He flew on his own to get the food. ( )
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) True

2. You have another story, ‘The Black Aeroplane’ in the lesson. Read the story again and develop at least five multiple choice questions based on the story. Work in pairs and ask your partner to answer them. The questions may be based on the events, persons, reasons and causes of the events, and results in the story.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
The author was flying his old Dakota aeroplane from ___________.
(a) France back to England
(b) England back to France
(c) France back to Russia
(d) France back to India
Answer:
(a) France back to England

Question 2.
The author knew that he could not fly up and over the storm clouds because ___________.
(a) he had started feeling dizzy
(b) he didn’t have enough time on his hands
(c) he didn’t have enough fuel to fly around them to the north or south.
(d) he was warned not to do so
Answer:
(c) he didn’t have enough fuel to fly around them to the north or south.

Question 3.
How far behind was Paris when the author saw the storm clouds?
(a) 120 kilometers
(b) 180 kilometers
(c) 250 kilometers
(d) 150 kilometers
Answer:
(d) 150 kilometers

Question 4.
The pilot of the Black Aeroplane turned slowly to the north in front of Dakota aeroplane ___________.
(a) so that it would be easier for the author to follow him
(b) so that it would be easier for the author to clearly see the storm clouds
(c) so that the author could see the two long straight lines of light in front of him
(d) so that he could move past the author
Answer:
(a) so that it would be easier for the author to follow him

Question 5.
The woman at the control room was ___________ to hear the author’s questions.
(a) angry
(b) disappointed
(c) surprised
(d) scared
Answer:
(c) surprised

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
Let’s now read the story of a bus conductor and his passengers with a dog. The story is written by A. G Gardiner.

All about a Dog:
It was a bitterly cold night, and even at the far end of the bus the east wind that raved along the street cut like a knife. The bus stopped and two women and a man got in together and filled the vacant places. The young woman was dressed in sealskin, and carried one of those little Pekinese dogs that women in sealskin like to carry in their laps. The conductor came in and took the fares. Then his eyes rested with old malice on the beady eyed toy dog. I saw trouble brewing. This was the opportunity for which he had been waiting and he intended to make the most of it. I had marked him as the type of what Mr. Wells has called the Resentful Employee, the man with a great vague grievance against everything and a particular grievance against passengers who came and sat in his seat while he shivered at the door.
“you must take that dog out,” he said with sour venom.
“I shall certainly do nothing of the kind. You can take my name and address,” said the woman, who had evidently expected the challenge and knew the reply.
“You must take the dog out- that’s my orders.”
“I won’t go on the top in such weather. It would kill me,” said the woman.
“Certainly not,” said her lady companion, “You’ve got a cough as it is.”
“It’s nonsense,” said her male companion.
The conductor pulled the bell and the bus stopped. “This bus doesn’t go until that dog is brought out.” And he stepped on to the pavement and waited. It was his moment of triumph. He had the law on his side and the whole bus full of angry people under the harrow. His embittered soul was having a real holiday.

The storm inside rose high “Shameful!” “He’s no better than a German.” “Why isn’t he in the army ?” “Call the police. Let’s all report him.” “Let’s make him give us our fares back.” Everybody was on the side of the lady and the dog.

That little animal sat blinking at the dim lights in happy unconsciousness of the rumpus of which he was the cause. The conductor came to the door, “What’s your number ?” said one, taking out a pocket- book with a gesture of terrible things. “There’s my number,” said the conductor imperturbably. “Give us bur fares back.” “You can’t leave us here all night.” “No fares back,” said the conductor.

Two or three passengers got out and disappeared into the night. The conductor took another turn on the pavement, then went and had a talk with the driver. Another bus, the last on the road, sailed by indifferent to the shouts of the passengers to stop, ‘They stick by each other the villains,” was the comment.

Someone pulled the bell violently. That brought the driver round to the door, “Who’s conductor of this bus ?” he said and paused for reply. “None coming,” he returned to his seat, and resumed beating his arms across his chest. There was no hope in that quarter. A policeman strolled up and looked in at the door. An avalanche of indignant protests and appeals burst on him. “Well, he’s got his rules, you know,” he said. “Give your name and address.” “That’s what he’s been offered, and he won’t take it.” “Oh,” said the policeman, and he went away and took his stand a few yards down the street, where he was joined by two more constables.

And still the little dog blinked at the lights, and the conductor walked to and fro on the pavement, like a captain on the quarterdeck in the hour of victory. A young woman, whose voice had risen high above the gale inside, descended on him with an air of threatening and slaughter. He was immovable as cold as the night, and as hard as the pavement. She passed on in a fury of impotence to the three policemen, who stood like a group of statuary on the street watching the drama. Then she came back, imperiously beckoned to her ‘young man’ who had sat a silent witness of her rage, and vanished. Others followed. The bus was emptying. Even the dashing young fellow who had demanded the number and who had declared he would see this thing through if he sat there all night, had taken an opportunity to slip away.

Meanwhile the Pekinese party was passing through every stage as of resistance to abject surrender. “I’ll go on the top.” said the sealskin lady at last. “You mustn’t.” “I will.” “You’ll have pneumonia.”

“Let me take it.” (This from the man) “Certainly not.” She would die with her dog. When she had disappeared up the stairs, the conductor came back, pulled the bell, and the bus went on. He stood sourly triumphant while his conduct was savagely discussed in his face by the remnant of the party.

Then the engine struck work, and the conductor went to help the driver. It was a long job and presently the lady with the dog stole down the stairs and re-entered the bus. When the engine was put right, the conductor came back and pulled the bell. Then his eyes fell on the dog, and his hand went to the bell-rope again. The driver looked around, the conductor pointed to the dog, the bus stopped, and the struggle recommenced with all the original features – the conductor walking the pavement, the driver smacking his arms on the box, the little dog blinking at the lights, the sealskin lady declaring that she would not go on the top and finally going.

“I’ve got my rules,” said the conductor to me when I was the last passenger left behind. He had won his victory, but felt that he would like to justify himself to somebody. “Rules,” I said,“ are necessary things, but there are rules and rules. Some are hard and fast rules, like the rules of the road, which cannot be broken without danger to life and limb. But some are only rules for guidance, which you can apply or wink at, as common sense dictates, like that rule about the dogs. They are not a whip, put in your hand to scourge your passengers with, but an authority for an emergency. They are meant to be observed in the spirit, not in the letter, for the comfort and not the discomfort of the passengers. You have kept the rule and broken its spirit. You may mix your rules with a little goodwill and good temper.” He took it very well and when I got off the bus he said “Good night” quite amiably.

Now, complete the box narrating the story in the correct sequence.

Answer:

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Making adverbs: bitterly, imperturbably, violently, and evidently are some words you have come across in the story. These are adverbs. A few words are given below. Make adverbs of these words and use them in sentences of your own. (Take care of the spelling when you convert these into adverbs.)
(a) Angry ___________
(b) Vague ___________
(c) Indignant ___________
(d) Threatening ___________
(e) Hurry ___________
Answer:
(a) Adverb : Angrily
Sentence : The agitated husband shouted at his wife angrily.

(b) Adverb : Vaguely
Sentence : He vaguely remembered the memories of his childhood.

(c) Adverb: Indignantly
Sentence : Mr. Sharma behaved indignantly because of the unjust treatment of the police towards him.

(d) Adverb: Threateningly
Sentence : The police constable moved threateningly towards the robber.

(e) Adverb : Hurriedly
Sentence : The victim was rushed hurriedly to the emergency ward.

Question 2.
Now, look at the word given below in italic.
He was immovable.
‘im’ is the prefix added to the word ‘movable’. The prefix ‘im’ made ‘immovable’ an antonym of ‘movable’. Now, make more words with the prefix im- which are antonyms.
Answer:

	Prefix	Word	Antonym
1.	im	mobile	immobile
2.	im	patient	impatient
3.	im	polite	impolite
4.	im	mature	immature
5.	im	measurable	immeasurable
6.	im	modest	immodest
7.	im	moral	immoral
8.	im	mortal	immortal

Question 3.
In groups of five, create a word-web or collocation chart of words with prefixes ‘il’ and ‘in’.
Answer:
Example 1:

Prefix	Word	New word
il	logical	illogical
il	literate	illiterate
il	legal	illegal
il	legible	illegible
il	legitimate	illegitimate
il	limitability	illimitability

Example 2:

in	secure	insecure
in	sincere	insincere
in	sensitive	insensitive
in	adequate	inadequate
in	accurate	inaccurate
in	ability	inability
in	accessible	inaccessible

Grammar:

A. Phrasal verbs:
The sentence below is taken from the text you have read. The phrase in italic is a phrasal verb. A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition, for example check in or a verb + an adverb, for example break down). When they are used together, they usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
… Walk away from the old Dakota.
walk away is a phrasal verb which means to move away from.

Find out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and use them appropriately in sentences.
Answer:

Phrasal verbs	Word-meaning	Sentence
(a) walk in	to enter inside a place	Two burglars walked in the bar armed with big guns.
(b) walkout	to suddenly leave a person who needs you	Her husband had walked out on her a year before.
(c) take away	to remove something	The protestors were arrested and taken away by the police.
(d) take up	to start doing something regularly as a habit, job or interest	Shamita took up a job as a receptionist at a medical store.
(e) take in	to understand and remember something that you hear or read	With the expressions on her face, I could make out that she didn’t take in much of what I said to her.
(f) take out	to kill somebody or destroy something	The night bombing raid took out the bridge.
(g) give away	to tell information or facts that should be kept secret	Raian broke his friend’s trust by giving away information of his marital disharmony.
(h) give in	to stop competing or arguing and accepting that you cannot win	Maria Sharapova refused to give in and went on to win the set.
(i) give up	to stop doing something you are trying hard to do	We have given up trying to persuade Ram to get rid of his bad habits.
(j) put in	to spend a particular amount of time doing something, or make a particular amount of efforts doing something	The winning team put in a lot of efforts to clinch the title.
(k) put away	to save an amount of money	With her meagre income, she tried hard to put away for her future needs.
(l) put out	to make something stop burning/extinguish	It took the fire fighters approximately 3 hours to put out the huge fire.

B. The Passive:
Compare the two sentences given below:
Ramesh painted the walls.
The walls were painted by Ramesh.
The first sentence is in active form and the second sentence is in passive form. When the person doing the action (Ramesh) is the subject, we use the verb in the active voice. When the subject is what the action is directed at (the walls), we use the verb in the passive voice. In the first sentence, we talked about Ramesh but in the second sentence we talked about what happened to the walls.

In the passive sentence we use by+agent to add important information, that is by Ramesh. We can leave out by+agent if it does not provide any specific information.

Example:
All the students were given sweets yesterday.
My room is cleaned everyday in the morning.
A large number of films on wildlife conservation have been made.

Use the words given below and frame sentences using the passive forms of the verbs.
Examples:
→ Rice / cultivate / Gangetic valley and coastal region. (Simple Present)
Rice is cultivated in Gangetic valley and coastal region.

→ The documents / sign / principal. (Present Perfect)
The documents have been signed by the principal.
(a) Taj Mahal / build / Shah Jahan. (Simple Past)
(b) Malaria virus / transmit / female Anopheles mosquito. (Simple Present)
(c) The case / solve / police and two persons arrest. (Present Perfect)
(d) Many houses / and lives / destroy / the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna. (Simple Past)
(e) The ultraviolet rays / prevent / the ozone layer / entering the earth’s surface. (Simple Present)
(f) The field / convert / playground. (Present Perfect)
Answer:
(a) Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
(b) Malaria virus is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito.
(c) The case has been solved and two persons have been arrested.
(d) Many houses and lives were destroyed by the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna.
(e) The ultraviolet rays are prevented by the ozone layer from entering the earth’s surface.
(f) The field has been converted into a playground.

C. Unscramble the following sentences to make meaningful ones:
(а) records / flying / many / who / American aviator / was an / Amelia Earhart / set
(b) the first / across / woman / solo / to fly / the Atlantic Ocean / she / became
(c) a flight / July 1937 / the globe / Earhart / disappeared / to circumnavigate / somewhere / over the / Pacific / in /during
(d) was never / found / and / she was / officially declared / plane wreckage / lost / at sea / her
(e) century / her / disappearance / remains / of the / one of the / greatest / unsolved mysteries / twentieth
(Source: https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-weirdest- unsolved-mysteries-of-world-war-ii-5886698)
Answer:
(a) Amelia Earhart who was an American aviator set many flying records.
(b) She became the first woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean solo.
(c) In July 1937 during a flight to circumnavigate the globe, Earhart disppeared somewhere over the pacific.
(d) Her plane wreckage was never found and she was officially declared lost an sea.
(e) Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved maysteries of the twentieth century.

Editing:

Question 1.
Use capital letters, commas, and full stops to edit this paragraph.
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claimed to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space ships carrying aliens from other planets some people have given evidences to support their observations they said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space said t: a they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. Public panicked there were arguments and discussion. ail over the country. Police were on red aler. Many community centres were established people became more vigilant gradually the number of sightings reduced.
Answer:
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), which people claimed to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space ships carrying aliens from other planets. Some people have given evidences to support their observations. They said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space, said that they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. Public panicked. There were arguments and discussions all over the country. Police were on red alert. Many community centres were established. People became more vigilant. Gradually the number of sightings reduced.

Listening:

Question 1.
Do you like riddles? Riddles make us think and attempt to solve puzzles through various ways and means. Read this riddle out loud and find answers to it. You can also discuss with your friends. You will notice that we speak out what we think. This is known as Think-aloud protocol. As you solve the riddles, speak out all the ideas that come to your mind to solve it.
Riddle 1
A farmer returns from the market, where he bought a goat, a cabbage and a wolf (what a crazy market). On the way home he must cross a river. His boat is small and won’t fit more than one of his purchases. He cannot leave the goat alone with the cabbage (because the goat would eat it), nor he can leave the goat alone with the wolf (because the goat would be eaten).
How can the farmer get everything on the other side in this river crossing puzzle?
Answer:
First the farmer will take the goat with him in the boat and drop him on the other side of the river. Then he will row back to the other side. Next he will take the cabbage with him to the other side. He will drop the cabbage there and bring back the goat with him. On reaching the other side with the goat he will drop the goat there and take wolf with him to be dropped to the other side of the river. He’ will leave the cabbage with the Tiger and then start his reverse journey. Finally on reaching the destination he will pick the goat and take it with him to the other side.

Riddle 2
Three humans, one big monkey, and two small monkeys are to cross a river:
(a) Only humans and the big monkey can row the boat.
(b) At all times, the number of humans on either side of the river must be greater or equal to the number of monkeys on that side (or else the humans will be killed by the monkeys!).
(c) The boat only has room for two (monkeys or humans).
(d) Monkeys can jump out of the boat when it’s on the river bank.
How will they cross the river ? Help them out.
Answer:
Firstly, one of the human, will row one of the small monkeys to the other side of the river in his boat. Then he will continue on its return journey. On reaching the other side, he will take another small monkey with him and start, his forward journey to the other side. After dropping the small monkey to that side he will start off for his reverse journey to the other side. On reaching the other side, he will pick one human and start off with him on his forward journey to the other side of the river. On reaching the other side, he will drop the man there and row back the small monkey to the other side.

On reaching the other side the man in the boat will pick one more human and start with him on his forward journey to the other side of the river. On reaching that side, the man in the boat will drop him on that side. Then he will start off for his reverse journey to the other side of the river. On reaching the other side, he will pick one small monkey and start off for his forward journey to the other side of the river. After dropping the small monkey that side he will start off for. his reverse journey to the other side. On reaching the other side, he finally picks up the big monkey and they both start off for their forward journey to reach the other side of the river.

Writing:

Article Writing
Question 1.
‘Rules are meant to be observed in spirit not only in letter’. Explain what you understand by this statement. Write an article in about 120-150 words on how the rules can be effectively implemented in the society and citizens can follow it in the true spirit. You may use any of the ideas given in the box. Follow the stages involved in the process approach to writing.
(a) Use it in the context of gender (protection of women’s rights / dowry/ female infanticide, etc.).
(b) In the context of environment (cutting of trees / poaching / pollution).
(c) Smoking in public / following traffic rules, etc. (add cartoons with fun facts, for example parking in front of no parking sign).
(d) In the context of value and self discipline.
Answer:
‘Rules are meant to be observed in spirit not only in letter’. This statement dictates and expects people to not only obey the literal interpretation of the letter (words) of the law but majorly the intentions of those who wrote the law. There are certain areas and situation where the stringent application of the law may have detrimental consequences. The main idea behind formulation of various laws/rules/regulations and their enforcement it to enforce discipline amongst the citizens. Laws are put in place for the convenience of the people and for safeguarding their interests. If the laws are observed only in letter and not in spirit, the whole purpose of law-making is lost.

Satisfactory application of laws should invariably result in peace and harmony in the nation and should not breed agitation and discontent amongst people. In the story. “All about a dog” the behaviour of the conductor was unreasonable and unjustified. His forcing the harmless little dog out of the bus at the cost of the passengers’ convenience was inappropriate. It resulted into a of cascade unpleasant consequences.

As per my understanding dogs are not allowed inside a bus as they might cause inconvenience and rumpus. But the dog in the story was well behaved and didn’t cause any nuisance to the passengers. So forgoing the strict observation of the letter of the law would have not been a serious breach. It is, however, mandatory that laws regarding the protection of women’s rights, protection of environment, traffic rules are strictly enforced. Those who don’t observe these rules must be penalised. In a nutshell, the laws that ensure value and self-discipline must be followed in the right spirit.

Story Writing:

Question 2.
You have read and experienced how the little seagull learnt to fly and then the story Of the mysterious black aeroplane. You have also read the story, ‘All about a dog*. How were these experiences ? You may have also experienced some such situations in your life: learning to ride on a bicycle, watching a cat or any other animal trying to jump over the wall, your own bitter experience in a difficult situation, etc. Think of such an experience and write down the points and develop the ideas into an outline. Write your experiences like a short story.
Answer:
All the three stories mentioned in the question had a common theme. They all had an underlying message that hardwork invariably brings success. Despite the harsh circumstances, if one is determined and committed to a task he/she would definitely gain success at it. All the three stories were quite encouraging and motivating.

The relentless Beetle:
One rainy afternoon, I was sitting in my Verandah to enjoy the lovely weather outside. It was quite mesmerizing to sit in the lap of nature, noticing and admiring its beauty. Tiny drops of water on the leaves of the tree looked like shiny pearls. The birds with their young ones comfortably sheltered in the nest was a wonderful sight. Suddenly, out of the comer of my eye, I noticed something crawling along one of the concrete pillars of the verandah. It was a beetle, a tiny-little, brownish black creature. From what it appeared to me I made out that it was constantly trying hard to reach the middle of the pillar that led to a hole. That was may be its dwelling place. It was facing difficulty moving against the slippery wall.

For every 3 steps forward it would fall 2 steps backwards. I knew the next few minutes of this activity were going to be exciting. I kept my eyes glued to each and every activity of the beetle. Despite the harsh circumstances that it was facing it didn’t lose hope. It continued its efforts with the unrelenting vigour. It was determined in its efforts. Finally after a period of struggle for a couple of minutes the beetle managed to reach the hole. The whole experience was quite motivating for me. It added to my joys and made the whole atmosphere around me even more positive. I greatly admire the courage and relentless attitude of the little creature. That incident made be realise that learning can come in a variety of ways from sources beyond your imagination. I feel all of us must learn from such beautiful experiences and apply that learning in our daily lives to make is more successful.

Project:

Question 1.
You have learnt about the freedom struggles of many nations after the Second World War and the many leaders who spearheaded freedom movements in their countries. Based on the learning from history and political science, write about any two leaders from different nations.

Question 2.
Go around your neighbourhood and talk to people, particularly elders, and collect riddles and puzzles in their languages.

• Ask them how and why such riddles could have emerged.
• Collect at least 10 – 15 riddles and write them in an order with information.
• Find out more about the riddle.
• Present it to the class as a chart and oral presentation.

Answer:
A riddle is a statement, a question or a phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be followed.
(1) Enigmas – problems generally expressed in metaphorical or allegorical language that require ingenuity and careful thinking for their solution.

(2) Conundra – Questions relying for their effects in punning in either the question or the answer.
I, personally, am very fond of solving riddles for the fact that they nurture creativity and aid in sharpening the analytical skills. I have collected few riddles from the elders of my neighbourhood. As told by them these riddles were passed on from generation to generation by word of math. In the earlier times when people didn’t have the modern gadgets at their disposal for entertainment this ‘fun activity’ of asking riddles from one another, sharing jokes came to their rescue. Unlike today’s time people could be often seen spending quality time in each other’s company engaging themselves in such recreational activities during their leisure time. Many of us must have had the pleasure of learning about such riddles from our grandparents in the comfort of our homes.

Riddle 1:
There were flocks of sparrows sitting on two different trees. One sparrow from one flock said to the other flock perching on the other tree, “if one of you come and join our flock, our number would become same as yours.” In reply a sparrow from the other flock said, “if one of you joins our fock our number would be twice as yours.” How many birds were there in each of the flocks ?
Answer:
There were 5 sparrows in one flock and 7 in the other one.

Riddle 2:
Two Hourglasses : You have two sand hourglasses, one that measures exactly 4 minutes and one that measures exactly 7 minutes. You need to measure out exactly 2 minutes to boil an egg. Using only these two hourglasses, how can you measure out exactly 2 minutes to boil your egg ?
Answer:
Flip over both hourglasses at the same time. After 4 minutes, the 4-minute hourglass will be done, and there will be 3 minutes left in the 7-minute hourglass. Immediately flip the 4-minute hourglass over again. After 3 more minutes, the 7-minute hourglass will be done, and there will be exactly 1 minute left in the 4-minute hourglass. Immediately flip the 7-minute hourglass over again. After 1 more minute, the 4-minute hourglass will be done again, and there will be exactly 6 minutes left in the 7- minute hourglass. Immediately flip over the 4-minute hourglass. After 4 more minutes, the 4-minute hourglass will be done again, and there will be exactly 2 minutes left in the 7-minute hourglass. At this point, put your egg in the boiling water. When the 7- minute hourglass is done, it will have been exactly 2 more minutes, and your egg will have boiled just right.

Riddle 3:
I have two rectangular wires.
Both of them have property that when I light the fire from one end, it will take 60 minutes to get completely burn.
However they do not burn at consistent speed (i.e., it might be possible 1st 20% burn in 50 minutes and 80% can burn in 10 minutes).
So how could I measure 45 minutes?
Answer:
Steps : (A) burn 1st wire from both end and 2nd wire from one end
(B) After 30 minutes (when 1st wire gets completely burned out), burn the second wire from 2nd end as well
(C) when 2nd run completely gets burned, you know its 45 minutes.

Riddle 4:
You have a 12 liters jug full of water. You have two empty 8 liters and 5 liters jug. Now can you divide the water into two equal parts using these jugs?
Answer:

Riddle 5:
12th Floor Elevator: A man lives on the twelfth floor of an apartment building. Every morning he takes the elevator down to the lobby and leaves the building. In the evening, he gets into the elevator, and, if there is someone else in the elevator or if it was raining that day, he goes back to his floor directly. Otherwise, he goes to the tenth floor and walks up two flights of stairs to his apartment that is on the twelfth floor. Why?
Answer:
The man is a dwarf. He can’t reach the upper elevator buttons, but he can ask people to push them for him. If it is raining, he pushes the buttons with his umbrella.

Riddle 6:
There was a man who was born before his father, killed his mother, and married his sister. Yet, there was nothing wrong with what he had done. Why?
Answer:
His father was in front of him when he was born, therefore he was born before him. His mother died while giving birth to him. Finally, he grew up to be a minister and married his sister at her ceremony.

Riddle 7:
Alexander is stranded on an island covered in forest. One day, when the wind is blowing from the west, lightning strikes the west end of the island and sets fire to the forest. The fire is very violent, burning everything in its path, and without intervention the fire will burn the whole island, killing the man in the process. There are cliffs around the island, so he cannot jump off. How can Alexander survive the fire? (There are no buckets or any other means to put out the fire)
Answer:
Alexander picks up a piece of wood and lights it from the fire on the west end of the island. He then quickly carries it near the east end of he island and starts a new fire. The wind will cause that fire to burn out the eastern end and he can then shelter in the burnt area.

Riddle 8:
A man is discovered dead sitting at his desk, alone in the locked office. He did not commit suicide and there were no weapons in the room. The only clue is a sealed envelope on the desk in front of him.
How did he die ?
Answer:
The envelope glue was poisoned and when the man licked the envelope to seal it, he died.

Riddle 9:
In the backyard, there is a hollow stump that carries six ears of corn. If a healthy squirrel carries out only three ears each day, how many days will it take to empty the stump?
Answer:
Six days. Each day the squirrel will carry out the two ears on his head plus one ear of com.

Riddle 10:
Who makes it, has no need of it. Who buys it, has no use for it. Who uses it can neither see nor feel it. What is it?
Answer:
Coffin.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

Let’s Begin:

Question 1.
You have read the story about Nelson Mandela in your textbook, First Flight, and the struggle of the people of South Africa. Mandela draws our attention to the meaning and importance of freedom and leading a life with freedom.
He states that freedom comes with responsibilities. Discuss with your peers, how freedom and responsibilities go hand in hand.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that freedom and responsibilities go hand in hand. One cannot exist without the other. Freedom, in real sense, is the state of existence when an individual is free to exercise his choices, to make his own decisions without seeking the approval or denial of others in any matter whatsoever. It is when a person can work in harmony with its environment without any constraints and boundations. Freedom is said to be achieved and felt when you are imbued with the power to disallow others to impose their opinions and choices upon you. But like it is said nothing comes for free and everything comes at a price.

Freedom is no exception. It is an established fact that every individual desires freedom for a peaceful existence but only very few are willing to make efforts towards its achievement. If a person wants to gain freedom he must be willing to assume responsibilities for his actions and decisions. All the sufferings, pains, disappointments which bind a person to a state of unhappiness can only be dispelled if a person is determined to take an action with utmost responsibility and be equally willing to accept the outcomes, whether good or bad. Then only he can continually improve himself and meet success in the long run. He must take responsibility to fight for everything and anything that he wants or doesnot want. Only then he can enjoy a life full of peace and contentment which accords freedom in its true sense. He can thus free himself from the disgusting feeling of imprisonment and being enslaved.

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
Given below is a speech by Sardar Patel, one of the prominent figures of India’s freedom struggle. This is one of the convocation speeches delivered by him. Read the speech and answer the questions that follow.
Sardar Patel’s Call to Youth to build
Character and be Disciplined
I must thank you for the affectionate and warm welcome which you have extended to me and for the love and regard which you have shown to me by conferring this honour to me. Gifts are of many kinds those achieved by one’s own endeavour are good and deserved, but no gift should be conferred on one whose worthiness has not been tested. By selecting me without assuring yourself of my fitness for the gift, you have laid me under a heavy debt and, by your injunctions that I should continue to prove worthy of it throughout my life, you have imposed on me a very difficult obligation. At present, I cannot say anything because I am bound by your love and affection; and, therefore, with your blessing and God’s grace, I pray that I may prove worthy of it. Should I fail, the blame for my failure will be shared by you as well.

On this occasion, I wish to place before you a few thoughts which occur to my mind as incidental to our hard-won freedom. We have now won our freedom. But just as I am doubtful, if I deserved the honour that you have done me, you have also to think whether you have done everything to deserve freedom that you have attained after such a bitter and sustained struggle.

There are people who think that having won freedom, there is nothing more to do about it. Freedom has come to us through sacrifices. Those who made sacrifices tasted the fruit of their efforts and self-denials, but it is for those who are now enjoying freedom to taste its fruit. After the last World War, there is an all-round deterioration in human standards. People have become self-centered. They have forgotten or ignored the wider interests of the country. The essential and noteworthy features of our struggle were: sacrifice, truth, and non-violence.

The weapons of the World War were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves. As a result of the churning of the ocean, the world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. The countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do the same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained everything have really attained nothing! The freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated. The foundations of freedom have to be well and truly laid! This one-year old child has to be nursed and nourished, instructed and strengthened. It is for us to do it and we must do it.

In India today, there is no time for useless controversies and unnecessary debates and disputes. One can indulge in these pastimes when one has time and leisure. At present, we have to occupy ourselves with the all absorbing task of making the foundation of our freedom strong and unassailable. We have to reflect on our place in this broken and destructed worldand what our duty and obligations are! If we fail to make the best use of our freedom to make it worthwhile and turn it to our advantage and advancements, future generations will heap curses on us. They will say that a spiritualist, a great soul gave us this precious boon, but we did not know how to retain it and lost it.

I should like to urge upon those who train citizens of tomorrow and to those citizens of tomorrow that we have yet to stand on our feet. We must concentrate on one thing alone, viz., how to make our country strong and united. We can make it strong when hearts are pure and when we fully appreciate our duty. Now that foreign rulers have gone, are we in a position to sustain the whole burden that has devolved on us ? When we took over from them, the administrative fabric was in tatters. We have to mend and place it. This, in itself, is a heavy responsibility. It is for our universities to train young men to shoulder these responsibilities.

The great university of life is full of experiences, but to make full use of those experiences, all of us students, teachers and professors – have to be cautious and on guard. The most essential requisite is character. If your character is lacking and you leave the precincts of the alma mater without your character fully developed, you will be wasting an opportunity of a lifetime.

You have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nations. The leadership of Asia would be hers if she conducts herself well and if her citizens make their fitting contribution to nation’s resurgence. Whatever trials and troubles we might have passed through, there is no denying the fact that we have a precious inheritance and the teachings we have received from the departed leaders are great assets for us.

India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower. They are awaiting full use. That task must devolve on young men and women. We ourselves were trained in the school of experience. We fought for freedom and we have attained that prize for you. It is now up to you to prove yourself worthy of the same. This you can do only if you work with single- minded devotion to the cause of the country. It is only then that you can deserve this freedom and be proud of it.

The real danger of India lies in our disunity. That poison of communalism was spread in the past. You should draw a curtain over it. Only then could we equip ourselves for the freedom that has come to us.

There are still people in the country whose loyalty to India has not settled down. They should and will leave India. This is the occasion for mutual help and mutual cooperation. We must know what our duty is as true citizens. Your teacher has to impart that duty. Unless we learn to shoulder our responsibility in the true spirit of discipline and citizenship we cannot go ahead. We must strengthen our shoulders and our legs so that we can stand erect and bear the burden that has devolved on us. Then alone would we secure the real objective of freedom.
(Source: The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Volume XIII [1 January 1948 – 31 December 1948], Editor: P.N. Chopra, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi)

Complete the sentences given below by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase.

Question 1.
The occasion of the speech of Sardar Patel here is ____________.
(а) an address to a public gathering
(b) a convocation address at a university
(c) a speech in Indian Parliament
(d) a speech delivered to civil servants
Answer:
(b) a convocation address at a university

Question 2.
Patel feels that future generations will heap curses on us if ____________.
(а) we fail to protect our freedom
(b) we fail to protect the corrupt people in public life
(c) we wage war against other nations
(d) we understand the need for peace
Answer:
(а) we fail to protect our freedom

Question 3.
The first and foremost thing Patel stressed to be done is ____________.
(a) to make the country strong and united
(b) to give employment to everyone
(c) to fight a war against those who oppressed us
(d) to make every citizen feel happy
Answer:
(a) to make the country strong and united

Question 4.
One major characteristic of university education, as Sardar Patel believes, is ____________.
(a) character
(b) duty
(c) knowledge
(d) power
Answer:
(a) character

Question 5.
What did Patel not mean when he said, “You have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nations” ? Tick the right answer.
(a) Friendly and cordial relationship with other nations
(b) Group of nations which wage war against other
(c) Community of people
(d) Nations from a continent
Answer:
(b) Group of nations which wage war against other

Question 6.
‘India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower’ means ____________.
(a) India has a vibrant economy
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource
(c) India’s lack of manpower
(d) Indians are great resource for development
Answer:
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource

Question 7.
What is the greatest danger for India as Patel believes in his speech?
(a) Climate in India is not suitable for hard work.
(b) Disunity and communalism among the citizens are the greatest danger for India.
(c) India’s lack of manpower.
(d) Indians lack in intelligence quotient.
Answer:
(b) Disunity and communalism among the citizens are the greatest danger for India.

Question 8.
Complete the following statement based on your understanding of Patel’s speech.
Answer:
The first and foremost duty of the young nation is to make the foundation of nation’s freedom strong and unassailable, to make the country strong and united by assuming responsibilities and performing duties sincerely.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Use the following words and phrases in your own sentences.
Answer:

• Precincts : The beautiful memories of the time that I spent with my close friends in the precincts of my college filled me with nostalgia.
• Comity of nations : With its resourceful manpower and ongoing technological advancements, India enjoys a great reputation amongst the technologically sound comity of nations.
• Unassailable : At a recent match played between the top notch Tennis players, Rafael Nadal was unassailable with his power packed performance.
• Mutual cooperation : In all spheres of life we need mutual cooperation from our fellow citizens to ensure harmonous and peaceful co-existence.

Question 2.
Sardar Patel called upon young students to understand the meaning of freedom and ways to sustain it. Here are two key words which he stressed upon-‘Freedom’ and ‘Responsibility’. Working in pairs, find words and phrases which convey the feeling of these words and write below.
Answer:

Freedom	Responsibility
(1) liberty	(1) Authority
(2) emancipation	(2) self-importance
(3) Rights	(3) obligation
(4) discharge of duties	(4) Power
(5) deliverance	(5) duty
(6) entitlement to	(6) answerable
(7) non-confinement	(7) Autonomy

You may have written above at least seven to eight words for each key word. Using the words. Write at least five sentences describing ‘Freedom’ and ‘Responsibility’. One has been done for you.
Example : Freedom is not free.
Answer:
Sentences:
(1) We as aware and responsible individuals of a nation must exercise our rights, at the same time must fulfill our duties towards it.
(2) Our great freedom fighters demonstrated utmost bravery and put in great deal of efforts for the emancipation of the nation from the oppression of the Britishers.
(3) When we assume responsibility for our actions and deeds, we automatically become answerable for the outcomes of our actions.
(4) Clinching the much coveted title of ‘best batsman’ in the world cup was a matter of pride and self-importance for Mark Waugh.
(5) It is the duty of every citizen of the nation to protect its nation against foreign invasion and external threats and be willing to extend help at the time of need.

Grammar:

Use of Articles:

Question 1.
You have come across the use of articles ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’ in the lesson. The tasks in the textbook give you the idea that the use of ‘the’ with proper noun carries a special meaning. Read the following paragraph from the speech you have read above. The articles are missing in the paragraph. With the help of your partner, fill in the blanks.
_________ weapons of world war were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves. As _________ result of _________ churning of the ocean, _________ world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do _________ same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained-
everything, have really attained nothing! _________ freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated.
Answer:
The; the: a; the: the: The: the; The.

Question 2.
Which article most frequently occurs in the passage? Why is it so? Can you replace it with some other article? Why / Why not? Discuss with your peers and make notes.
Answer:
The article that occurs most frequently in the passage is ‘The’. No, we cannot replace it with some other article. This is because we ought to use the definite article ‘The’ in case of proper nouns, the things which have previously been mentioned and discussed in the textual matter.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.
(a) boy and girl were shopping in a market. boy was from Kerala and girl was from Nagaland.
(b) Can you turn off light?
(c) He has taken taxi to station.
(d) Is there police station nearby?
(e) My sister works in bank.
(f) He has been looking for job for the last seven years.
(g) Would you like to eat apple?
(h) He goes to the theatre once month.
(i) This morning I bought _________ newspaper and magazine. _________ newspaper is on my table and I forgot where I have placed _________ magazine.
(j) We would like to have dinner at _________ good restaurant.

Editing:

Question 1.
The following passage has an error in each line. Find the error and write the correct word or words against the line.
I don’t mean that some peoples are
born clear headed _________
and is therefore natural writers,
whereas others _________
are naturally fuzzy and will never
wrote well. _________
Thinking clearly was a conscious act
that writers _________
must forced on themselves, as if they
were working
on any other project that requires
logic: makes _________
shopping list or doing an algebra problems. _________
Good writing do not come naturally, _________
though most people seems to think it does. _________
Professional writer are constantly
bearded by _________
people who say they’d like to “trying a little _________
writing sometime” – meaned when they _________
retire from their real profession. _________
Answer:
Incorrect word:

• peoples
• is
• wrote
• was
• forced
• makes
• problems
• do not
• seems
• writer
• trying
• meaned
• profession

Correct word:

• people
• are
• write
• is
• force
• making
• problem
• does not
• seem
• writers
• try
• means
• professions

Listening:

Question 1.
Your teacher or any one student will read out the text given below to the whole class. Listen carefully. Working in groups of four, note down in short the important points as you listen. Discuss in your group. Recreate and write the text you have listened to. You need not write the exact text, but the meaning should be nearest to the actual text read out to you. Your teacher will read out the text again for all the groups so that you can check whether you have understood the text well.
Text for listening:
A few minutes ago, walking back from lunch, I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn’t much but, as I turned my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning too. A woman had dropped what appeared to be a one rupee coin. The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on the pavement grabs attention. Whatever be the value of the coin no one can ignore the sound of it. It got me thinking about sounds again.
Answer:
It was only a few minutes ago. While walking back from lunch, I happened to cross the street. I heard a faint sound of a coin dropping. As I turned back to take a look at what that was, I noticed the sound gamering several eyeballs at the very moment. It was the sound of, possibly, a one rupee coin accidentally dropped by a woman. It made me wonder, no matter what the value of the coin is, the tinkling sound emanating from its fall on a pavement invariably invites attention. Soon I realised I was in deep contemplation about the various kinds of sounds.

Speaking:

Question 1.
You have read the speeches of Nelson Mandela and Sardar Patel. You know their beliefs and ideas on freedom and responsibilities for a new born nation. Discuss with your partner and put down your ideas on what freedom means to you. Prepare an outline.
Answer:
Freedom to me is a feeling of inner peace and contentment in life. It means liberation from all kinds of anxieties, worries and sufferings. According to me freedom lies in self-empowerment and autonomy. It is when you are free to make independent decisions and are not forced to work or act on the commands of others. In a nutshell freedom must bring forth the power for self-expression and self-realization. It must contribute towards the attainment of one’s true purpose in life.

Question 2.
Prepare a speech for the morning assembly reflecting on the following questions.
(а) How do you feel today about the country’s freedom?
(b) Are we free and independent?
(c) Are we serious about our responsibilities as citizens?
Answer:
Respected teachers and my dear friends. Honorable principal madam:
Today, I have got the privilege to share my views with all of you on the topic of freedom and its significance in our lives. As we all are aware that the indepth and thorough struggles of the great freedom fighters of our nation made it possible for all of us to live and enjoy our lives freely as part of an independent nation. Our great leaders fought against all odds and discrimination meted out to our countrymen by the britishers. But if we think deeply can we truly say that we live in a free and independent nation.

Are we really free and independent in our lives? The answer is, many of us may not be living our lives in complete freedom. We are still dissatisfied with our lives and want to change its various aspects according to our own wishes and likes. The reason for such a state of affairs is that although each one of us want to enjoy freedom but not all are willing to assume our responsibilities towards each other and towards nation at large. The nation and its citizens might have gained freedom from the British oppression but as far as their personal lives are concerned they are still not completely free. They are still the victims of all kinds of social ills that has infested the country and its countrymen. It is only after we carry out our responsibilities in our lives in an earnest way, we can enjoy full freedom in true sense.
Thank you!

Writing:

Question 1.
Make pairs. One of you takes the role of Nelson Mandela and the other becomes the interviewer.
(a) The interviewer prepares a questionnaire on Nelson Mandela-Mandela as a person and his contributions to the removal of Apartheid.
(b) The interviewee responds to them. The interviewer’s task is to note down the answers also,
(c) The interviewer, through the questions, tries to get an overview of Mandela’s life.
Answer:
For interviewer Questions to be framed For interviewee Answers by the Interviewee
1. What was the first source of inspiration for you that propelled you to contribute towards the freedom struggle for Independence?
Answer:
Having heard the elder’s stories of my ancestors’ valour during wars of resistance, I dreamt of making my own contribution to the freedom struggle of my people.

2. How many years of imprisonment you had to face before you could negotiate the end of apartheid?
Answer:
It was only after 27 years of imprisonment when I was finally released in 1990 and could negotiate the end of apartheid.

3. Do you have any regrets in life about not being able to do something that you wanted to?
Answer:
I feel that lam simply the sum of all those African patriots who has gone before me. I wish I was able to thank them for their sacrifices.

4. What transformed you as a person and pushed you to fight against the ill of apartheid prevalant in your nation?
Answer:
It was my desire for the freedom of my people to live their lives with dignity and self-respect that animated my life and transformed a frightened young man to a bold one.

5. What consequences you had to face for joining the national campaign with Maulvi Cachalia?
Answer:
I was charged under the suppression of Communism Act and was sentenced to nine months of hard labour, suspended for 2 years.

Question 2.
Make groups of four and find out the background information on Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. All three of them fought against all odds and used non-violence to achieve their aim. Choose any two of the above stated leaders and do a comparative study of their principles and lives.
Answer:
Leader 1:
Mahatma Gandhi:

• He made tremendous contribution to the freedom struggle of India.
• He posed to be an integrationalist but in reality he was a Hindu theocrat and civilizationist.
• His utmost endeavour was to infuse hinduism and restore Hindu authority in India.
• He struggled against the racial discrimination in South Africa and in India naming the struggle Satyagraha.
• He believed that in Satyagraha physical action or reaction is not allowed even in favourable situation. His political ideals were based on philosophy of non-violence because he believed that violence breeds more violence.
• He explained that Truth (Satya) is love and firmness (graha) is a force. Truth and love produce force. Persuasion was preferred to coercion.
• He said truth is the most favourite word of God. He opined that non-violence is the best way to express goodwill. It is a type of coercion that offers opportunities for harmonius relations.
• He led majority against a small and outlandish ruling minority. He was a powerful, practical and competent leader as he was the leader of small, untrained, unorganised and severely depressed minority against a ruling majority.
• Major segments of all minorities living in British India didn’t approve. Gandhi’s role as projected by Hindu scholarship. His ideals and way of protest bred a positive image on all factions.
• Gandhi always consoled muslim verbally but appreciated practically every strife paving way for Hindu Hegemony. Montgomery Bus boycott elevated king’s status to national level. He suffocated all separatist movements.

Leader 2:
Martin Luther King:

• He is acknowledged as a towering personality who successfully launched non-violent struggle against racial discrimination in United States. He was a realist, constitutionalist and integrationist.
• He sought to get the American constitution implemented in real and practical sense.
• After obtaining a doctoral degree he adopted priesthood but soon resigned and joined the struggle against the ongoing injustice with African Americans.
• His political ideals were based on philosophy of non-violence because he believed that violence breeds more violence.
• Persuasion was preferred to coercion.
• He opined that non-violence is the best way to express goodwill. It is a type of coercion that offers opportunities for harmonius relations.
• He was a powerful, practical and competent leader as he was the leader of small, untrained, unorganised and severely depressed minority against a ruling majority.
• His ideals and way of protest bred a positive image on all factions.
• Montgomery Bus boycott elevated king’s status to national level. He suffocated all separatist movements.

Project:

Question 1.
You have learnt about the freedom struggles of many nations after the Second World War and how many leaders spearheaded freedom movements in their countries. Based on the learning from history and political science, write about any two leaders from different nations. The following are prompts that can help you :
(a) Their thoughts
(b) Their uniqueness
(c) Honesty and integrity
(d) Confidence and leadership qualities
(e) Inspirational speeches
(f) Contributions to free their countries
(Hints: You may develop their profiles in chronological order. You may visit the library. Consult social science teachers in your school and elders in your neighbourhood.)
Answer:
(1) Subhash Chandra Bose : As far as the history of India’s Independence struggle against the British is concerned Subhash Chandra Bose remains a key figure. Bose, also known affectionately as Netaji, became part of the Indian struggle for Independence when he joined the Civil Disobedience Movement that was being led by Mahatma Gandhi. Later on, he also became an active member of INC. In 1938 and 1939, he was also chosen as the party president.

He was held under house arrest by the British because he had been opposing their rule. However, he left the country secretly in 1941 and travelled westwards through Afghanistan to Europe where he sought assistance in his struggle against the British from Russians and Germans. He visited Japan in 1943 where the royal administration said yes to his appeal for help. It was here that he formed the Indian National Army with Indian war prisoners who had served with the British Indian army.

Apart from the fact that he tried to be different, much like the revolutionary extremist freedom fighters of the day, and kept up the spirit of fiery leadership in that critical period of India’s history, there are also several other ways in which he made his own contribution to his motherland’s freedom struggle. The assault by the INA, no matter how short-lived it was, was an important factor that eventually contributed to the British decision to stop their operations and shift back to their own land. This in the end did pave the way for India’s Independence.

Bose advocated complete unconditional Independence for India, whereas All-India Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through dominion status. He was a militant Nationalist. He supported empowerment of women, secularism and other liberal ideas. His most famous quote was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”.

(2) Kwame NKrumah : He was a Ghanain politician and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957. An influential advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity.

After 12 years abroad pursuing higher education, developing his political philosophy and organising with other Pan-Africanists, he returned to Gold Cost to begin his political career as an advocate of national independence.

His administration was both nationalist and socialist. Thus, it funded national industrial and energy projects, developed strong national education systems and promoted a national and Pan-African culture.

He got immersed into the African-American liberation struggle, met Martin Luther King Jr. while in the US. While studying in Great Britain, he crossed paths with many fellow Africans struggling for Independence, the likes of Kenya’s Jomo Kenyatta, Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie. His famous remarks were – “We face neither East nor West: we face forward.” “Revolutions are brought about by men, by men who think as men of action and act as men of thought.” He played a key role in creating the organisation of African Unity.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 1 A Letter to God

Let’s Begin:

Question 1.
You have read about Lencho in ‘A Letter to God’, First Flight, textbook in English for Class X. How has the story of Lencho moved you ? What do you think about Lencho’s faith in God and his attitude towards the officials in the post office ? Do you think he is right in asking God for support and then blaming the people at the post office ? Discuss his actions with your friends. Why does he do so ?
Answer:
Lencho was a poor farmer. He was quite hardworking too, an ox of a man. Due to severe rain and hailstorm his ripe corn crops were badly damaged and ruined. He got worried and anxious at this grave loss as that meant that his family would have to go hungry that year. Lencho had a firm faith in the Almighty and believed that only God could help him out of this bad situation. With great hopes he decided to write a letter to God to compensate him for the loss that he had suffered. It was naivety and sheer innocence on part of Lencho to ask and expect monetary and financial help from God. Lencho was a sincere, responsible and hardworking fellow.

He had devoted his utmost and sincerest efforts in sowing his crop fields. He could not imagine and believe all his efforts going waste in the wink of an eye. As a responsible fellow he was really concerned about the well being of his family and couldn’t bear to see them embroiled in any kind of difficulty. It was out of care, compassion towards his loved ones that he tried to do something unusual and out of the ordinary i.e. writing a letter to an invisible force that he thought is omni present. I feel great sympathy for the poor fellow as he had to suffer the loss for reasons that were out of his control. However, I also feel that it was quite inappropriate and unreasonable on part of Lencho to blame the post-office staff for the inadequate amount of money that he had received. The post office employees did nothing wrong but tried to help the poor fellow by doing their best. Lencho should have thanked God and the post-office staff for receiving such great assistance at the time of need.

Question 2.
The summary of the story of Lencho is given below. The sequence of the story is jumbled up.
Read the story again and rearrange the jumbled sentences to make a coherent story.

Write the correct order in numbers in the column below	Jumbled sentences
(i)	But it rained heavily and hailstorm thrashed his corn field and all the corn was destroyed.
(ii)	He wrote ‘To God’ on the envelope and posted it.
(iii)	Lencho predicted it will rain and it did. He and his wife were happy.
(iv)	Lencho felt desperate but believed that God would help him.
(v)	Their corn field was longing for water.
(vi)	The postman and the postmaster laughed at Lencho’s letter but were surprised by the faith of the man.
(vii)	He wrote a letter to God asking for a hundred pesos to sow his field again and to survive until the next crop came up.
(viii)	After some days, Lencho went to the post office to receive the money as the postmaster watched him.
(ix)	He immediately went to the counter and asked for a pen and paper, wrote a few lines and posted the letter.
(x)	Lencho, his wife, and their children lived in a lonely house in a valley.
(xi)	When the postmaster opened the letter, it said “Oh! Thanks for sending the money. But I have received only seventy pesos. Next time you please send the money directly to me. The people at the post office are a bunch of crooks. They have taken the thirty pesos.
(xii)	He opened the letter and was happy to find the money. He counted and found it was only seventy pesos.
(xiii)	The postmaster collected about 70 pesos from his colleagues and sent it to Lencho.

Answer:
(i) 4
(ii) 7
(iii) 3
(iv) 5
(v) 2
(vi) 8
(vii) 6
(viii) 10
(ix) 12
(x) 1
(xi) 13
(xii) 11
(xiii) 9.

Create a graphic description based on the given summary of ‘A Letter to God’.
A. Lencho in his corn field.

B. Lencho writing letter to God asking for compensation.

C. The Post-master surprised to read the letter and the other staff also astonished.

D. Post office employees helping Lencho by providing monetary help that he had asked for.

E. Lencho surprised on receiving a sum less than what he had asked for; decides to write another letter to God complaining about the same.

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
Given below is a story of the tailor who has been known for his skills in cheating and stealing. Read in groups of four or in pairs. You may discuss the events and incidences of the story with your friends and write them in a sequential manner.

The Trader and the Tailor:
There was a tailor who was known for beating others in the art of being light-fingered and thievery. A trader swore that even with a hundred attempts, the tailor would not be able to take a coil of thread from him without his knowledge.

The trader was told that many others, more intelligent than him, had been beaten by the tailor. They said he should not imagine himself so great, for his ego would only give him worse troubles in competition with the tailor. Still, the trader became more competitive and made a wager that the tailor would not be able to rob him of anything.

He wagered an Arab horse with those who taunted him. If the tailor failed to steal, then they would have to give him a horse instead. That night, the trader lay awake troubled by the situation and could not sleep a wink.

In the morning, he put a piece of satin cloth under his arm and went to the bazaar and entered the shop and saluted the cunning rogue warmly. The tailor sprang up from his seat and welcomed the trader, inquiring about his health with cordiality exceeding even that of the trader, planting in his heart great feelings of affection for him. When the trader heard these songs of sweetness from the tailor, he flung down the piece of silk saying, “Cut this into a coat for me and make it wide below my navel so as not to hamper my legs and tight about it to show off my figure.”

The tailor answered, “O! kindly man, I will do you a hundred services,” and accepted the order. He measured the satin and inspected the working surface and all the time chatted away to the trader in idle gossip, about other amirs and of bounties and gifts he had received from them, and about misers and their mean ways, and made the trader laugh with hysterics. During this beguiling talk, he was snipping away with his scissors rapidly, cutting as fast as his lips moved.

The trader was laughing, the tailor was cutting, the trader closed his eyes in joy, the tailor cut extra pieces, tucking them under his thighs, hidden away from all but God. From his delight at the tailor’s tales, the trader’s former boast went out of his mind. What satin? what boast? What wager? The trader was drunk on the jokes told by the tailor.

Then the tailor told such an incredible story that the trader fell over on his back with laughter. The tailor swiftly stitched a swatch of the satin to the hem of his underpants while the trader was paying no attention at all, greedily sucking with every guffaw at the jests the tailor told. The tailor continued to tell funnier and funnier tales and jokes until the trader was completely within his power.

With his eyes shut and his reason vanished, the bewildered and boastful trader was drunk with joy. And the tailor continued to cut, filching yet more of the beautiful cloth, with nothing to stop him now. And yet the trader begged for more.

You who becomes the slave of the jest, no story is more laughable than you yourself, think on this at the edge of your grave. How long will you listen to the lies of this world that leave your mind and spirit unhinged ? The Universal Tailor will cut and stitch the hems of a hundred travellers, silly as children.

Eventually the tailor became bored with the whole story and told the trader that he better leave before another tale was told, “For if I tell another one, the coat will be too tight for you, and you will stop laughing and weep tears of blood.”
by Rumi (Abridged)

Did you enjoy the story of ‘The Trader and the Tailor* ? The story is summarised below. Read the story again with your friend and complete the paragraph using short sentences with the given hints.

Once there was a tailor who was known for ___________ (cheat and thievery). He could cheat anyone with his cunning way of deceiving people. A trader challenged that the tailor would not be able to cheat him. He ___________ (go) to the tailor with ___________ (satin). The tailor ___________ (welcome). The trader (please) by the tailor’s praise. He told the tailor to make a coat for him. The tailor ___________ (praise) the trader (maximum). The trader ___________ (joy). The tailor ___________(recount) funny tales and the trader forgot ___________ (bet). The tailor started snipping ___________ and ___________ hide). Eyes of the trader ___________ (tears and joy) and yet the trader kept on asking for ___________ (stories). At last, the tailor told the trader that (tight) and ___________ (weep-blood).
Answer:
beating others in the art of cheating and thievery, went, a piece of satin tucked under his arm, welcomed him with great cordiality, was very pleased, praised, to his maximum, experienced great joy, recounted innumerable, about the bet completely, the cloth rapidly, tucking in the extra pieces under his thighs hiding from the trader, more and more, if he told another story the coat would be too tight for him, he would weep tears of blood.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
In this story you have come across a word “light-fingered” which means inclined to steal things. Some such words are given below. Use appropriate words and fill in the blanks.
light-headed, light year, light-hearted, light sleeper, light-duty
(a) The ___________ is a unit of distance used to measure distance in space.
(b) The farmer bought a ___________ truck to transport their produce, as it uses less dies.el.
(c) We had a fairly ___________ discussion with our colleagues. .
(d) Rita felt dizzy and ___________ after skydiving.
(e) He is a ___________, a slightest noise wakes him.
Answer:
(a) light year
(b) light-duty
(c) light-hearted
(d) light-headed
(e) light sleeper

Grammar:

Question 1.
You have come across Relative Clauses in the lesson ‘A Letter to God’. Read about the relative clauses again. Complete the sentences given below in the table by adding the most suitable clause from the box and make it a relative clause. The first one has been done for you.
contains meaning of word stitches clothes tell lies won the best actor award this year hit a century is faithful need to fill in the application is a crook help themselves won the nobel prize believe in hard work.
(а) A tailor is a person who stitches clothes.
(b) A dictionary is a book ___________
(c) The book is about a scientist ___________
(d) What is the name of the player ___________
(e) I don’t like people ___________
(f) What is the name of the actor ___________
(g) Students ___________ should meet the principal in her office.
(h) Friends of the trader thought the tailor ___________ and can cheat anyone.
(i) Lencho ___________ thought God would help him.
(j) Those ___________ will succeed.
(k) God helps those ___________
Answer:
(b) which contains meaning of words
(c) who won the nobel prize
(d) who hit a century
(e) who tell lies
(f) who won the best actor award this year
(g) who need to fill in the application
(h) who is a crook
(i) who is faithful
(j) who believe in hard work
(k) who help themselves

Editing:

Question 1.
Suppose Lencho gets a hundred pesos in his envelope. He writes a letter to God expressing his gratitude. However, he has missed a word in each line. Help him with those words so that his letter is complete.
Dear God!
Thank for – Thank you for
(а) sending a hundred pesos help. ___________
(b) I am very for this kind gesture. ___________
(c) You were my only and your ___________
(d) help has my faith in you. ___________
(e) This money will help me until the crop ___________
(f) and I promise to hard in the future. ___________
Sincerely yours,
Lencho
Answer:
(a) sending me a
(b) very grateful for
(c) only hope and
(d) has increased my
(e) crop comes/grows
(f) to work hard.

Listening:

Question 1.
Here is an interesting story. The story has been told in two ways. Story A has all the odd sentences (1,8,5,…) and story B has the even sentences (2,4,6,…). Working in pairs, one of you take up Story A and the other take up Story B. The person with Story A will read out the first sentence and the partner (person with story B) will write in the space provided. Then the person with Story B will read sentence two and the partner will write in the space for sentence two. Likewise complete the whole story. Once the story is completed, both of you will read out to each other to check whether you have listened carefully to your partner and written the complete story.
Story – A
The Race:
1. Every evening the animals of the Machlipatti used to sit under the banyan tree.
2. _____________________
3. He said, “Let’s run a race!” “Who will run a race with you ?
4. _____________________
5. Choo-Choo, the rat, shouted, “No, he’s not the fastest runner.
6. _____________________
7. Everyone laughed at him.
8. _____________________
9. The starting point was the peepul tree and the finishing point was the neem tree.
10. _____________________
11. Kho-Kho and Choo-Choo started running.
12. _____________________
13. “He must be far behind.”
14. _____________________
15. He shouted, “I’ve won the race! I’ve won the race!”
16. _____________________

Story – B
The Race:
1. _____________________
2. One day Kho-Kho, the rabbit, was feeling bored.
3. _____________________
4. No one can run faster than you,” said Bhalu, the bear, eating a mango.
5. _____________________
6. I can run faster than him.”
7. _____________________
8. Then it was decided to have a race between Kho-Kho and Choo-Choo.
9. _____________________
10. Coocku, the cock, crowed to start the race.
11. _____________________
12. After running half the distance, Kho-Kho looked back but Choo-Choo was nowhere to be seen.
13. _____________________
14. When he was near the finishing point, Choo-Choo jumped over Kho-Kho’s shoulder and touched the neem tree first.
15. _____________________
16. Everyone cheered for Choo-Choo.

Note : Do it yourself.

Speaking:

Question 1.
Lencho, the main character in the story, is a farmer. He supports his family through farming. The conflict in the story happens when a hailstorm strikes the field and destroys his farm. All the hard work, for nothing! The entire land is wrecked by catastrophe. There is no one who can help. Lencho’s complete faith in God is amazing during the calamity.
So, one type of conflict dominating in the story is man versus nature. Discuss with your partner the natural calamities that play havoc in the lives of people. Collect photographs and make a visual presentation to share in the class.
Answer:
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth. Examples are : floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes.

A natural disaster can cause loss of life or damage property and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake the severity of which depends on the affected population’s resilience and also on the infrastructure available.

Earthquake : An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth’s surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis and volcanoes. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

Flood : A flood is an overflow of water that ‘submerges’ land. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows, causing some of the water to escape its boundaries.

Floods have large social consequences for communities and individuals. As most people are well aware, the immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of live stock, and deterioration of health condi tions owing to waterborn diseases.

Question 2.
Try writing a small poem on the topic man versus nature. Read aloud the poem with the required stress and intonation. Given below is a poem written by Norman Littleford, which may help you think and compose.
Man vs Nature:
The heavens roared with thunder
as lightning filled the skies
was this God getting angry
or Nature’s big surprise.
Is Mother Nature telling us
the best way that she can
to stop the interference
and abuse she gets from man.
We marvel at her beauty
each time we look around
then dig up all her treasures
from their natural burial ground.
We forget that Nature gives us
all that keeps us living
we take it all and still want more
but never think of giving.
We build across the countryside
progressing every day
but Mother Nature can’t progress
for man is in the way.
by Norman Lulls ford
Answer:
Man vs Nature:
Mother Nature cradles the human life
giving endless care for humanity to thrive.
Pouring generously from its womb,
the elixir of life.
But man’s never ending torture is rife,
his ever growing greed pushing the mother
to her tomb.
Man is wild, an erroneous child.
By ripping the nature of all its resources,
he is planting the seeds of his own remorses.
Mother Nature is loving and forgiving
and could only curse herself for her faulty upbringing.
She weeps in silent tears,
but doesn’t complain about her wears.
It’s time man gives nature its due respect
and doesn’t mar it for its ulterior prospects
He must realise and stop being naive…
With his selflish acts he is digging his own grave. – Moina

Writing:

Question 1.
The tailor here is a cheat, but Lencho in the story, ‘A Letter to God’, is naive and simple. He has immense faith in God. How do you distinguish between Lencho and the tailor? What makes them different ? Working in pairs, list the actions and qualities of Lencho and the tailor and draw their character sketches. The given cues will help you to draw a character sketch of these characters.

Action: What does the person do ?	What quality it reveals?
Lencho lost all his crops. He is helpless. Prays to God	___________________
How does he manage the situation ?	___________________
Does he harm anyone by his action ?	___________________
How do others think of him ?	___________________
What is your judgement of him ?	___________________
He received 70 pesos and he thought 30 pesos had been stolen.	___________________

Now, write the character sketch of Lencho and the tailor.
Answer:
Character sketch of Lencho:
Lencho was a poor farmer. He was hardworking. He was a simpleton and a naive. He had an optimistic attitude towards life. He was a firm believer of God and its omnipresence. He had an ufflinching and unwavering faith in the Almighty. He was a person full of hope. When hi’s crop fields were badly damaged, due to hailstorm, he didn’t lose hope instead demonstrated great patience and determination. He had a fighting attitude. Instead of getting all disheartened and dismounted at his loss he fought bravely with the situation at hand by devising an optimum solution. His writing a letter to God showcased his child like innocence. He was a responsible person and was greatly concerned about the well being of his family as was clearly seen in his earnest efforts to find a solution to his problem.

Character sketch of The tailor:
The tailor in the story ‘The Trader and the Tailor’ was a mean and a dishonest person. He was a trickster and often indulged in thievery and robbing people of one thing or the other. He was quick witted and smart and knew exactly how to exploit the weaknesses of others to his advantage. He invariably got successful in outwitting others with his cleverness and presence of mind. He was greedy and was known as someone who wouldn’t not leave any opportunity to steal from people. The story projects and highlights his great skills of storytelling. He would weave one story after the other in order to keep the trader glued to him so that he could work his way towards stealing without getting noticed or caught.

Question 2.
Writing a portrait or description of a person
Read the following description about two persons, Raavi and Mohini.

Raavi	Mohini
A portrait or a picture of a handsome young man in full sleeves shirt.	A portrait or a picture of a middle aged lady who is a singer.
Raavi is an engineer in a manufacturing firm.	She studied music and became a playback singer.
He likes to make, fix, and repair things.	She likes to be with people and participates in social functions.
He loves to watch television and goes to the movies thrice a month.	She loves music and reading books.
He is congenial and supportive.	She is firm and a lady with a purpose.
He does not like to play, but goes for a morning walk everyday.	She does not get time to exercise.

Now, write a description of any one of the above based on the details given. You may follow the process approach to writing. First, you read the given information in the box and make a list of describable (adjectives) points used for each person, in your own words. Secondly, take the help of these points to develop an outline in sentence form. Thirdly, use the outline and prepare the first draft of the description of the person and then edit the draft. Prepare the final copy after making all changes. The table below gives you ideas on how the Process Approach is helpful for improving your writing.
Writing: The Process Approach

The processes	What do you do ?
Brainstorming	Note down as many ideas as you can about a given topic. Then arrange the ideas in a sequence.
Outlining	Create an outline of your writing – which ideas will go first, how will they be supported by evidence, will there be a picture, etc.
Drafting	Write the first draft; here the focus is on the content and not the form.
Revising	Revise the first draft, improve it. Add or delete ideas and improve the language.
Proofreading	Proofread the draft with the help of the teacher; here the focus is on the form and not the content.
Final draft	Write the final draft now.

Answer:
Raavi
Raavi is a handsome young man. He is highly educated and a professional human being. He works as an engineer in a manufacturing firm. He is intelligent, creative and resourceful. He is innovative and relishes making his own things, repairing and fixing the items that need mending and repair to a fully operational state. He has a great sense of clothing and style and likes to dress up well on all occasions. He is a movie buff and likes to go for movies whenever he gets time off from work. He loves to watch television. He is a people person and a peace lover. He has a compassionate and sympathetic attitude towards others. Although he is not much into play he is quite health-conscious and a fitness-freak. He is a nature lover and enjoys going for a morning walk everyday to keep his mind and body in a healthy state.

Project:

Question 1.
You may have come across some people in your neighbourhood who might have inspired you with their actions. Talk to them about –

• their childhood, their education, job, their likes and dislikes
• their contribution to the enrichment of their village or town, job, country, etc.
• their interesting features and characteristics

Request for their pictures. Based on the collected information, write their portraits and present it to the class. You may read on ‘How to do project work ?’ given below.

How to do project work in the English language classroom?
In addition to the textbook activities, project work could be used as an effective strategy to promote collaborative ways of language learning where we work together in groups to do an activity. We collect information, ideas; observe the language being used; use language in real life situations; exchange views and debate on ideas; write the ideas into a report; edit our writing and produce the report in a suitable form. This helps in constructing ideas and analysing critical judgments of the peers to arrive at a decision or conclusion.

It would be of much benefit to learners, if projects planned are of an interdisciplinary nature.

Designing and managing projects:
There are many ways students can be initiated to carry out projects.

• Read books, newspapers, listen to the radio, watch TV, consult websites and encyclopedia, talk to people, observe events and proceedings, interview people, record audio/ video, collect pictures and illustrations, interpret them, and report.
• Write field notes to remember and organise the data collected.
• Bring your own ideas to the class and have a class discussion.
• Use language meaningfully and precisely. If the meaning of learning is ‘meaning making’, the purpose is achieved fully while doing projects.
• Learners should do the projects in group independently. They should not ask their parents to do these or buy readymade products available in the market.
• They may seek information or some help from parents or elders.

Planning, writing the draft and editing:
Having collected the required data, information and ideas, plan and organise the data and interpret them to write the draft. It could be posters, a script of a play (enact and direct a play), songs, essays, etc. Editing is an important part of writing the report. Students should be made aware of process approach involved in writing a good piece of work. Then present it to the whole class or to the school during the assembly or on special occasions (in case of play, songs, etc.).
Answer:
Mr. Pratap Singh (Brigadier General) lives in my neighbourhood. He is 65 years of age and is a retired army personnel. He stays at his current residence with his wife who served as an assistant professor (chemistry) in Delhi University. His two sons are married and happily settled abroad. Both his sons are engineering graduates from premier institutes. After completing his schooling from Delhi Public School, Noida, in 1st division, Mr. Pratap Singh joined Delhi university’s reputed college, St. Stephens to pursue a degree course in B.Sc. In his last year’at college he got interested in joining the Indian Army. He appeared for an Entrance test for the same and qualified the test in his first attempt. It was a moment of great pride for him as well as for his family. After completing his graduation he joined the Indian army as lieutinent.

Hailing from an educated and disciplined family he had always lived a very disciplined and strict life. His parents always made sure that he recieved a good upbringing so that he could learn to shoulder responsibilities early in life. As a child he was always encouraged to accomplish all his tasks by himself with guided assistance from his parents. Mr. Pratap Singh is a very jovial and fun loving person. He has a great persona. He appears quite a determined, hardworking and disciplined man. He is always found abounding in positivity. He learnt to have a perfect work-life balance. He is a great husband, father and a very successful Army Officer.

He is very fond of hiking and reading books of different genre. Himself being a modest fellow and a man of integrity he dislikes dishonesty and lack of sympathy in people. I am a great admirer of Mr Singh like many others in our locality. I truly appreciate him for his great contribution in setting up a sports complex in our area so that people can benefit from it in staying fit and healthy. He is a true gentleman and will always be remembered for his greatness.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Class 10 English Workbook Words and Expressions Solutions

• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 1 A Letter to God
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 3 Two Stories about Flying
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 5 The Hundred Dresses-I
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 6 The Hundred Dresses-II
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 7 Glimpses of India
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 8 Mijbil the Otter
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 9 Madam Rides the Bus
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 10 The Sermon at Benaras
• Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 11 The Proposal