Category: Class 10

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 6 The Hundred Dresses-II

Let’s Begin:

In the texts ‘The Hundred Dresses-I and II’, Wanda was seen as different by other girls. But in the dress game, she proved her talent and got recognition. We are all unique and we have our strengths. Have you ever met a person who is very different than you, who thinks and enjoys doing things differently? Conduct a survey in the class to find out the different talents that your classmates have and discuss these so as to appreciate each other.
Answer:
Chandan Choudhary was the most peculiar student in my class. From class one to class eight, we sat and studied together but I could not learn his ways. At any point of time, he was found doing mischievous or criminal activities; still, he was in the good book of our class teacher. Also, he never stood second; he always stood first. Whether I saw him outside or inside his home or school; I never caught him studying with concentration. When did he study was a question I could never ask; nor did he tell. To this day when I think about him, surprise encompasses me in its grip.
Conduct a survey yourself.

Reading Comprehension:

Text I
You have read how Wanda was passionate about her talent and pursued it in spite of so many hurdles. Wangari Mathai, the Nobel Prize winner, is another person who fought a battle to save the environment. She had a humble start but she dreamt big and succeeded.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
When we said we wanted to plant fifteen million trees, a forester laughed and said we could have as many seedlings as we wanted because he was convinced that we could not plant that many trees. Before too long, he had to withdraw that offer because we were collecting more trees than he could give away free of charge. But we didn’t have the money. We decided that we could produce the seedlings ourselves. We would go and collect seeds from trees, come back and plant them the way women planted other seeds – beans, corn, and other grains. And so the women actually developed forestry management techniques, using “appropriate technology” to fit their needs. Here is the basic method – take a pot, put in the soil, and put in the seeds. Put the pot in an elevated position so that the chickens and the goats don’t come and eat the seedlings.

Ordaining all the inventive techniques that the women developed, for example, sometimes trees produce seeds carried by the wind. These germinate in the fields with the first rain. It was very interesting to see a woman cultivating a field with a small container of water. But, she was cultivating weeds! She had learned that among these weeds were also tree seedlings and that she could pick the seedlings and put them in a container. In the evening, she went home with several hundred seedling trees! These techniques developed by the women became extremely helpful. We planted more than twenty million trees in Kenya alone. In other African countries, we have not kept records.

Trees are alive, so we react to them in very different ways. Quite often, we get attached to a tree, because it gives us food and fodder for our fires. It is such a friendly thing. When you plant a tree and you see it grow, something happens to you. You want to protect it, and you value it. I have seen people really change and look at trees very differently from the way they would in the past. The other thing is that a lot of people do not see that there are no trees until they open their eyes, and realise that the land is naked. They begin to see that while rain can be a blessing, it can also be a curse, because when it comes and you have not protected your soil, it carries the soil away with it. And this is rich soil in which you should be growing your food, then they see the immediate relationship between a person and the environment. It is wonderful to see that transformation, and that is what sustains the movement!
(Source: ‘Speak Truth to Power’ Wangari Mathai)

Question 1.
A forester laughs when Wangari Mathai says that they wanted to plant 15 million trees. Why did the forester react in this manner ?
Answer:
The forester was convinced that Wangari Mathai and her group could not plant so many trees. This is why he reacted in this manner.

Question 2.
What role does money play in the given extract?
Answer:
For lack of money Wangari Mathai could not buy the seedlings. Hence she decided to produce seedlings themselves fetching the seeds directly from the trees.

Question 3.
“When you plant a tree and you see it grow, something happens to you.” Explain what do you understand by the above quote.
Answer:
When we plant a tree and see it grow, we want to protect it and value it. Our outlook about trees go stark change – perhaps from indifference to a close relationship. .

Question 4.
“Rain can be a blessing and a curse.” Analyse how nature can be both a blessing and a curse.
Answer:
If the soil is held together by planting trees, rain can be a blessing, for; it will not erode the upper layer of the fertile soil. But rain can prove fatal in case the upper layer of the soil erodes because it vill wash away its fertility.

Question 5.
“It is wonderful to see that transformation.”
What is the ‘transformation’ the author is talking about here?
Answer:
People, usually, remain indifferent or cruel to trees but when they plant a tree, they value and protect it because they begin to feel a bond between the tree, (the environment) and their own survival. An emotional attachment too is developed far from its utility. The author here refers to this transformation.

Text II
When people work together they put in their combined efforts to succeed. This idea of collaborative working creates life long bonding for the people. Read the following passage and find out how people in remote areas of Odisha get together to show their gratitude to nature by observing ‘bijun parab’ (beej parba) and strengthen their life cycle.

There will always be a seed for everyone. In the early summer month of April, the forests’ people also depend on the foods harvested earlier on in the year – millets, pulses, tubers, dried fruits, roots and tubers. All these seeds have been safeguarded, some saved to be grown in the next season, while others have been stored to be eaten in months such as these. It is in this month that various ‘Kondh’ communities organise the Bijun Parab or seed festival.

The festival begins with the mud walls of the home painted, the mud and cow dung floors swept and freshened, and, most importantly, the selecting of seeds. Women gather in the courtyard, cleaning the seeds from the husks, chatting with each other, shooing away the children who mill about, witnessing and participating in the seasonal celebration. Saving seeds over all these months and seasons has taken much effort – guarding the seeds from insects, animals and moisture as well as one’s own greed. Each one has a different technique, whether grinding up neem leaves and mixing it with the seeds as an insecticide or layering the seed basket with cow dung as disinfectant. Some women have managed to save more seeds, some just a little and there are some houses where pests and insects managed to get the best of the seeds and these families have not saved any. Nonetheless, everyone participates in this festival.
(Source: ‘There will always be a seed for everyone’ by Aditi Pinto, The Hindu, April 23, 2017)

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(a) When is the seed festival celebrated in Odisha?
(b) Which are the seeds preserved by the Kondhs?
(c) Why are the seeds preserved?
(d) How do they celebrate the festival?
(e) How are the seeds preserved?
Answer:
(a) The seed festival is celebrated in the early summer month of April in Odisha.
(b) The seeds are – millets, pulses, tubers, dried fruits, roots and tubers.
(c) All these seeds have been preserved; some have been stored to be eaten in these months while others have been preserved to be grown in the next season.
(d) Mud walls are painted and cow dung floors are swept. They select the seeds. Women gather in the courtyard and clean the husks from the seeds. While doing so, they chat and shoo away children.
(e) Each one has a different technique to preserve : some mix neem leaves powder; some layer the basket with cow dung.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
“Nonetheless, everyone participates in the festival”, means –
(a) However, people are invited to participate in the festival ( )
(b) Still, Kondhs who have seeds, participate in the festival ( )
(c) Although some families have not saved the seeds yet they participate in the festival ( )
(d) Anyway, people are asked to participate in the festival ( )
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) ✓
(d) X

Question 3.
How is the seed festival of Odisha a perfect example of community participation? Find words for ‘Bijun Parab’ in your language.
Answer:
The seed festival of Odisha is really a perfect example of community participation. Even those who have sufficient stock for their future use; participate in the festival actively. They separate the husks from seeds and preserve in the way that suits them – either using neem leaves powder or cow dung. Words for ‘Bijun Parab’ is ‘Beej Parab’

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Make ten words (of five or more letters) from the word below.
Manufactures:
The meanings of some words are given below which will help you to find out the words.
(a) fright s – – – –
(b) artistic words c – – – –
(c) fertiliser – – n – – –
(d) not certain u – s – –
(e) false – n – – u –
(f) one’s essential characteristic or temperament
(g) a small river s – – – – m
(h) ways or methods m – – n –
(i) wooden box c – – – e
(j) border enclosing a picture – r – m –
Answer:
(a) s c a r  e
(b) c r a f t
(c) m a n u r e
(d) u n s u r e
(e) u n t r u e
(f) n a t u r e
(h) m a n n e r
(i) c r a t e
(j) f r a m e

Grammar:

Question 1.
Read the following sentences and match column A with column B to complete the sentences. Also use appropriate punctuation, if needed.

Column A	Column B
1. My sister was so scared, she couldn’t watch the drama	1. we can expect rain later on.
2. Although most critics agreed that the theatre performance was his best ever	2. in this one he’s definitely the good guy.
3. On our way back, we thought although snow is now unlikely	3. whereas I didn’t find it frightening at all.
4. On reaching home, my sister wanted me to help her with her science project	4. I was rather disappointed by his performance.
5. Whereas, in most of his other plays he plays the role of a villain	5. but I told her to ask her friend.

Answer:
1. 3
2. 4
3. 1
4. 5
5. 2

Question 2.
Relative Clause:

• Taj Mahal, which was built by Shahjahan, is one of the wonders of the world.
• It was Lata Mangeshkar who sang this song.
• Arnabh, whose sister works in television, is a good debater.
• It’s the Internet that gives us a lot of information.

The underlined parts of the sentences are relative clauses. The relative clauses begin with “which’, ‘who’, ‘whose’, and ‘that’.
Put in the relative clauses and write the sentences.
Example:
Traffic light suddenly went” out of order. It caused a traffic jam.
Traffic light, which suddenly went out of order, caused a traffic jam.
(a) Mary wrote a poem. It bagged the first prize in the creative writing competition.
The poem _______________

(b) Mr. Goel is seriously ill, so he could not go to office.
Mr. Goel _______________

(c) Simran gave a dance programme yesterday, and it’s being appreciated by everybody.
The dance programme _______________.

(d) You are going to meet Amit tomorrow, he is an active member of our school’s environment club.
You are going to meet Amit tomorrow _______________.

(e) The man is rather strange. He lives next door.
The man _______________.

(f) Anu’s name was missed off the volleyball players’ list, so he was very unhappy.
Anu _______________
Answer:
(a) The. poem that Mary wrote, bagged the first prize in the creative writing competition.
(b) Mr. Goel who is seriously ill, could not go to office.
(c) The dance programme which Simran gave yesterday, is being appreciated by everybody.
(d) You are going to meet Amit tomorrow who is an active member of our school’s environment club.
(e) The man who lives next door, is rather strange.
(f) Anu whose name was missed off the volley ball player’s list, was very unhappy.

Editing:

Question 1.
Some words in the following paragraphs are missing. Choose and insert the words given in the bracket.
(of, around, into, the, and,
above, from, to, so, against, its)
Answer:

Line No.	Before	Word inserted	After
1	islands	of	Sumatra
3	then	Into	the
6	Protection elements	From that	the had
7	flag	above	the
9	expanded	to	become
12	getting	its	own
13	all	around	floating

Question 2.
Choose the punctuation mark that can be used in the blank place in each sentence. The punctuation mark does not include the brackets.
(а) Electricity has two main uses _______ industrial and domestic.
1 (•)
2 (!)
3 (?)
4 (;)
5 (:)
Answer:
5 (:)

(b) ‘When Mahua comes,’ she said _______ ‘Anand always goes to meet her.’
1 (.)
2 (,)
3 (?)
4 (;)
5 (:)
Answer:
2 (,)

(c) ‘I wonder when will they come’ _______ he said.
1. (.)
2 (,)
3 (?)
4 (;)
5 (:)
Answer:
2 (,)

(d) We decided to have rest _______ It was too hot to go any further.
1 (.)
2 (,)
3 (?)
4 (!)
5 (’)
Answer:
1 (.)

Listening:

Question 1.
Ask the teacher or a peer to read aloud the following passage. The passage can be read aloud more than once.
→ Notice the theme and style of writing.
→ Take down notes while listening. Then using your notes, tell your partner the summary of what you have heard.
My great aunt Doluma had “tasted” a police lathi- charge during the freedom struggle. I knew her as an old woman in a spotless white khadi sari, with cropped grey hair, black-rimmed glasses, her lips stained with paan. Her real name was Dr Phulrenu Guha. After she died, we discovered she had received a doctorate from Sorbonne in 1938. Most of us just knew her as Doluma. I called her mantrithakurma or minister-grandmother because she had once held a post in the Union Government of India.

I won’t pretend she was the cuddly grandma who told us fairy tales. She hopped on and off jeeps even in her 80s and went on the campaign trail in rural Bengal. She was blunt, out spoken and no nonsense.
(Source: ‘Have you had your dose of vitamin’ P. Sandip Roy, livemint, Saturday, 16 March, 2019)
Answer:
Theme and style
Theme of writing is very simple – to describe doluma, the author’s great aunt but it appears he is not closely attached to her doluma. The author seems to tell about her certain things, he himself did not approve of. “Lips stained with paan” and “hopping on and off jeeps’ two things, the author perhaps despises about her. The author also tells us that the Great aunt was ‘blunt, outsspoken and no nonsense’

So far style of the writing in concerned, it is impersonal in nature. The author keeps himself aloof from this writing. Words and diction employed are simple, and easily understandable. Ideas expressed are clear, conspicuous and direct. No far fetched simile or metaphor has been used unnecessarily.

Notes:
Great aunt Doluma:

• tasted lathi charge in freedom struggle.
• wore Khadi Sari and grey hair.
• real name Dr. Phulrenu Guha.
• Doctorate from Sorbonne in 1938
• author called her mantrithakurma.
• She was not cuddly; nor told fairy tales.
• hopped off and on jeeps in her 80s.
• She was blunt, outspoken and no nonsense.

Summary:
Popularly known as Doluma, Phulrenu Guha received doctorate from Sorbonne in .1938. She was the author’s great aunt who had tasted lathi charge in freedom struggle; her dress was simple and she was straightforward. Her lips were stained with paan. She had been a minister in the government. She could hop even in her 80s and participate in a campaign.

Speaking:

Question 1.
Now, talk to your parents, grandparents, and community members. Collect such stories. Choose one personality whom you liked the most and write a passage on the person. Then share it with your classmates. You can use the following words while describing their character.
gracefulness – compassionate – determination
agility – humility – affectionate
sympathetic – fellow – feeling
unassuming – generous – amiable
impartial – rational – considerate – courageous
Answer:
The Gurkha lad hailing from Nepal seems to me to be the most interesting character. He lives here alone and guards the gate of our residential complex. He is graceful in his words, compassionate in action and agile in times of emergency. His humility and determination is known all around my colony When somebody tries £o enter the gate without any right; he becomes unassuming and raises the alarm. His naipe is Gajendra Gurung. Very peculiar thing about him is that he is computer savvy. He is so rational that he does not allow a weaker person to be beaten or defeated by some anti social elements.

Once at the wee hours of the night, some miscreants attempted to enter the gate stealthily but due to his alertness, the mission of the anti social elements were defeated
and they landed behind the bars. He is generous, courageous and considerate. His amicable nature wins over one and all.

Writing:

Question 1.
You notice in your day-to-day life people from different cultures, religions, languages, ethnic groups, etc. India is one such country with lots of diversity and we respect one andther. This promotes harmony and peace among people. Given below are a few illustrations. They belong to different states. Collect information about the cultural diversity of the States/UTs of our country and write it in the box given below.
Answer:
Cultural diversity of the states/UTs. of our country.
Rajasthan : People in Rajasthan speak Rajasthani; they wear dhoti-kurta or ghaghra choli. Their important festival is Deepawali. Dal bati churma is their favourite dish.

Maharashtra : People in Maharashtra speak Marathi; they wear dhoti-kurta-jacket or saree blouse. Ganeshotsav is their main festival. Modak and pitha are their favourite dish.

Gujarat: People in Gujarat speak Gujrati; Kediyu chorn is their special dress. Their main festival is Durga Puja. Thepla, dhokla etc are their favourite dishes.

Punjab : People in Punjab speak punjabi. Male members wear dhoti kurta and female members, salwar-suit. Vaishakhi and Lohri are their important festivals. They love to eat Makke di roti and sarso da saag.

Delhi : People in Delhi speak hindi; they wear modem dress like paint-shirt, suit etc. Durga Puja and Chhath are their main festivals. They like to eat Paratha and pickles.

Bengal: People speak Bengali; wear dhoti kurta and their important festival is Durga Puja. Machhi bhat is their favourite food.

Assam : People in Assam speak Assamese. Mekhela-chador is their special dress. Bihu is their main festival. Pitha, Otenga jhul etc are their special food.

Kerala: People in Kerala speak Malyalam. Lungi or Kalli Mundu is their usual dress. Onam is their main festival. Idli, dosa, Sambhar, Uttapam, Upma etc. are their favourite dishes.

Kashmir: People in Kashmir speak Dogri. Their main dress is pheran. Eid-ul-Fitr is their main festival. Rajma, alo-dam, pulao are their favourite dishes.

Question 2.
Write a speech on the topic ‘Treat others the way you would like to be treated by others’. You may take the help of ‘process approach’ to writing given in Unit I.
Answer:
Respected Principal Sir, esteemed teachers and my dear friends,
I feel honoured to have been given an opportunity to speak before you on the topic ‘Treat others the way you would like to be treated by others’. There is hardly anyone on the surface of this planet who would despise decency in words, deeds and actions. The proverb ‘what goes around, comes around’ propounds the theory that what we throw into the universe comes back to us. If we throw good things into the universe, good things will come back to us and vice versa.

We should always remember that we like to be treated nicely by our friends, acquaintances and relatives but due to vanity of strength of money, power or body do not like to treat others nicely. Here the problem arises. The language of love and respect is peculiar; even the animals can understands and reciprocate suitably. Also a child is born with love in his heart; not domination. When we know that love wins over others and domination separates us; why not opt for love ? Niceties are the only things which can pave the way to success.
Thanking you.

Project:

Question 1.
Farmers are a community who work together and share a common thread of living. They are largely dependent on the blessings as well as vagaries of nature.
Today, farmers are facing problems due to many reasons. Work in groups of four and prepare a project on the issues related to the agrarian stress. You can interview farmers in your area to get a true account of their problems and their solutions as well.
You can keep in mind the following reasons:

• Climate change and natural calamities
• Rise in prices of seeds, manure, etc.
• Social marginalisation
• Deprivation of economic benefits
• Low yield
• Government policies
• Debt trap
• Lack of facilities like irrigation, electricity

Share your findings with your classmates, highlighting the important points of your project.
Answer:
Whichever part of the country farmers might be living at; so far their agrarian stress and dependence on the blessings and vagaries of nature are concerned; it is never different. But apart from nature, there are other factors too which are responsible for the misery and poverty of these people.
(1) Climate change and natural calamities : Due to wide range demand for houses to live in, the agriculturable land is contracting at a rapid speed due to deforestation. The existence of nature is being tried to be annihilated. This has begun to demonstrate its devastating effect known as climate change. Climate change has aggravated the difficulties of the farmers.

(2) Price hike of seeds and manures : To grow crops on any arable piece of land, seeds (of high order) and manure play an important role. Price hike of these necessary items makes the farmers handicap as they have very limited sources of income to be invested. Price hike of commodities other than agriculture related products does not irk the consumer much but price hike of agriculture related products falls heavy an their pockets.

Social marginalisation : Living a life of wants and scarcity, farmers in India remain at the marginal point of the society. Since they go to their fields early and come back late at night; they usually get cut off from the mainstream. As a result the Government’s newly announced schemes and policies remain unknown to them. Since their income in meagre and they have have no time to teach or spend time with children they are always socially marginalised.

Deprivation of economic benefits : Most farmers in India are educated – not by choice but by force. Unable to pay the admission fees, school fees and buy every year new books and dresses; they prefer to keep their children away from schools. Consequently, they remain unaware about the new schemes of the government for their well and thus remain deprived of its benefits.

Low Yield : Like gamling, agriculture is a matter of chance; sometimes the yield is too good and sometimes; it is too low. In both the cases; things become difficult for farmers. If it is too low; they do not get even what they have invested and if it is good; nobody is ready to buy or carry the product to the market; the price dips drastically.

Government policies : Almost every 5th year; a new government is formed which removes the policies and theories given by the previous government. Frequent interference in policies, lead the farmers to darkness. It is not feasible for them to stay vigilant all the time about the government policies. This too affects them adversely. .

Debt trap : Since the farmers are illiterate; they prefer to take loan from money lenders; in banks they demand many things which they are incapable of delivering. The money lenders take undue advantage of this situation; they charge high rate of interest and cheat these people.

Lack of facilities like irrigation and electricity : In India, agriculture is mainly dependent on irrigation by rain water; still there are certain parts where people have to do irrigation by boring well. They extract underground water irrigate their land. Fortunately electricity has reached every part of the country in 2018. Still there are some parts of the country where there is inadequate power supply. This poses problems to irrigation of agricultural land.

Though India is largely dependent on rain water irrigation; irrigation by borewell water more frequent. It is the government of India which can enable the farmers come out of their miseries. Certain things like saving water and utilizing its every drop is a must.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 5 The Hundred Dresses-I

Let’s Begin:

The Hundred Dresses (1944) is a children’s book written by Eleanor Estes. The book is illustrated by Louis Slobodkin. It is a story of a young girl, Wanda Petronski, from Poland. Wanda’s family migrated to America and she joined the school in an American town, in Connecticut. The children at the school found her different. She was bullied and mocked.

However, Wanda proved her unusual talent in a drawing competition and won it with much praise. The children who humiliated her were filled with remorse and Wanda, as dignified as always, earned their respect. (Excerpts from this book are given in Class X textbook – First Flight, published by NCERT in 2007).
There are many people who have prejudices against others on the basis of social, economic, racial, and ethnic differences. As a result, they do not recognize their talents
and qualities. Perhaps, they do not know that what matters is what we do and not who we are.
After reading the excerpt, write a diary entry as Wanda, describing your feelings clearly.
Answer:
Diary Entry
Dear Diary,
Owing entirely to my father’s transfer to Connecticut, America, I shifted from Poland and joined a school over there. Since my name was peculiar to my friends and my father’s financial condition was not sound; I was compelled to wear one and the same dress every day. My friends used to ridicule me always; particularly Peggy. She always asked me how many dresses I had in my closet. Though her close friend Maddie did not like it; she couldn’t resist because she was herself wearing her old dress of Peggy. Being fed up with her embarrassing question, I retorted one day that I had one hundred dresses. She laughed loudly and asked why I did not wear them. Anyway, in a competition held at school, I made a beautiful frock which was later selected as the best one.

After that my father again decided to shift me from there due to the insult that I was suffering. I had had hundreds of paintings of frock with me. I gave one to Peggy and one another to Maddie. They were surprised and came to my house but I had left the house by that time for the new place. My father wrote a letter to the teacher in a mild language and told the reason of my removal from the school. Though they were not good to me, I miss not only Peggy and Maddie but also my teachers and other friends. Life is like that pains and pleasures come and go; none is permanent.

Reading Comprehension:

Text I
The excerpt is taken from the biographical account of Harriet Tubman titled, ‘Harriet Tubman, The Moses of Her People’. This is a story of a woman who suffered because of racial discrimination, but she did fight against slavery, helped her family and members of her community to free themselves from the clutches of the perpetrators of their suffering. She was grateful to her friend, Frederick Douglass, who had hidden her, and some runaway slaves more than once in his home in Rochester.

Read the passage (a letter to Harriet by Frederick Douglass) given below and answer the questions that follow.
“The difference between us is very marked. Most that I have done and suffered in the service of our cause has been in public, and I have received much encouragement at every step of the way. You, on the other hand, have laboured in a private way. I have wrought in the day-you in the night. I have had the applause of the crowd and the satisfaction that comes of being approved by the multitude, while the most you have done witnessed by few trembling, scared, and footsore bondmen and women, whom you have led out of the house of bondage, and whose heartfelt God bless you has been your only reward. The midnight sky and the silent stars have been the witnesses of your devotion to freedom and your heroism.”

When years later, in her old age, a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune came to interview her one afternoon at her home in Auburn, he wrote that, as he was leaving, Harriet looked towards an orchard nearby and said,
“Do you like apples ?”
On being assured that the young man liked them, she asked, “Did you ever plant any apples ?” The writer confessed that he had not.
“No” said the old woman, “but somebody else planted them”. I liked apples when I was young. And I said, “Someday I’ll plant apples myself for other young folks to eat. And I guess I did.”
Her apples were the apples of freedom. Harriet Tubman lived to see the harvest. Her home in Auburn, New York, is preserved as a memorial to her planting.
(Source: Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People, by Langston Hughes)

Question 1.
What had Harriet done for herself and her community ?
Answer:
Harriet fought against slavery, helped her family and members of her community to free themselves from the clutches of the perpetrators of their suffering.

Question 2.
What was the title of the first book written on Harriet Tubman and who wrote it?
Answer:
‘Harriet Tubman : The Moses of Her People’ was the title of the book; it was written by Frederick Douglass.

Question 3.
How had Harriet’s life been hard, but dedicated to a cause ?
Answer:
Harriet Tubman had laboured hard in a private way to free her country from slavery. The midnight sky and the silent stars had been the witnesses of her devotion to freedom and her heroism.

Question 4.
What comparison had Frederick drawn between his and Harriet’s life?
Answer:
For the hard work that Frederick Douglass did, he had had the applause of the crowd and the satisfaction that comes of being approved by the multitude. Harriet, on the other hand, remained an unknown entity inspite of his hard work. The midnight sky and the silent stars had been the only witnesses of his devotion to the cause.

Question 5.
Tick the correct answers.
Harriet had been grateful to Frederick because:
(a) Frederick was her neighbour. ( )
(b) Harriet took financial help from Frederick. ()
(c) Harriet revolted as a slave and ran away from her master’s house and Frederick gave her shelter.
(d) Frederick hid other slaves in his house whom
Harriet had inspired to run away. ( )
Answer:
(a) x
(b) x
(c) ✓
(d) ✓

Question 6.
Tick the correct answer.
‘footsore bondmen and women’ means:
(а) Bondaged men and women had to work day and night. ( )
(b) Bondmen and women suffered from foot diseases. ( )
(c) Bondmen and women were bonded labourers.
(d) Bondaged men and women had wounded and tired feet because they ran for days together to safe places from the house of their masters. ( )
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) X
(d) ✓

Text II
You have read about Wanda and Harriet Tubman, the two individuals who have fought courageously to realise their dreams and ambitions. Similarly, Stephen Hawking, the great physicist, owed one part of his fame to his triumph over his acute medical conditions due to a degenerative disease. When he was diagnosed, aged only 21, he was given only a few years to live. But Hawking defied the normally fatal illness for more than 50 years, pursuing a brilliant career in science that stunned doctors and thrilled his fans. By the time he died at 76, Hawking was among the most recognisable faces in science, perhaps at par with Albert Einstein. Read the passage given below and find out how Hawking was an extraordinary man who cherished life.

Read the passage and answer the questions.
Stephen Hawking, the TV star Famed physicist, cosmologist and writer Stephen Hawking died on a Wednesday morning. He was born on 8 January 1942, exactly 300 years after Galileo died, and he died on 14 March, 2018, which happened to be his old rival Albert Einstein’s birthday. It is likely Professor Hawking is having a laugh at our expense, based on our preposterous love for coincidences.

Comedy lies in the timing. Professor Hawking knew this, and over the years, became incredibly proficient at the art of the comedic pause. It is a tough art to master.
One of my all-time favourites, Stephen Hawking moments came when the Professor sang comedy legends Monty Python’s Galaxy Song for a charity a few years ago, correcting the technicalities in the song’s words and numbers as he went along. It is an unbelievable treat, and these lyrics sound suitably profound when coming from the smartest human in the universe. “Pray that there’s intelligent life somewhere up in space, cause there’s bugger all down here on Earth.”

“Life would be tragic if it wasn’t funny,” Professor Hawking had once said, and clearly enjoyed not only observing the humour in the world, but also pointing it out. His appearances on popular and irreverent mainstream television made us, the viewers, feel included. For a brief moment, we shared a laugh and got to be in the same orbit as him. We felt that this massively brilliant man watches the same television we do, and that’s a genuinely comforting thought. Professor Hawking was an extraordinary man who loved ordinary things.
(Source: Raja Sen, livemint, 14 March, 2018)

Question 1.
Who was born exactly three hundred years after the death of Galileo?
Answer:
Stephen Hawking.

Question 2.
Stephen Hawking died on 14th March which happens to be his old rival’s birthday. Who was this rival of his?
Answer:
Einstein.

Question 3.
Tick the correct statement.
(a) Stephen Hawking was the rival of Galileo. ()
(b) Galileo was a good friend of Stephen Hawking. ( )
(c) Albert Einstein was the rival of Galileo and Stephen Hawking. ( )
(d) Albert Einstein was the rival of Galileo. ( )
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) ✓
(d) X

Question 4.
Tick the correct meaning of the word ‘preposterous’.
(a) credible ( )
(b) reasonable ( )
(c) ridiculous ( )
(d) realistic ( )
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) ✓
(d) X

Question 5.
Why was Professor Hawking said to be proficient in ‘comedic pause’?
Answer:
Professor Hawking is said to be proficient in ‘comedic pause’ because he had sung comedy legends Monty Python’s Galaxy Song for a charity correcting the technicalities in the song’s words and numbers.

Question 6.
Which song did he sing?
Answer:
Monty Python’s Galaxy Song.

Question 7.
Why was Stephen Hawking’s singing of the song described as an ‘unbelievable treat’?
Answer:
Stephen Hawking’s singing of the song was described as an ‘unbelievable treat’ because it was r coming from the smartest man in the universe. Though he was physically challenged; love for music remained with him always.

Question 8.
What had the author shared with the genius Stephen Hawking?
Answer:
The author had shared a laugh with the genius Stephen Hawking. He felt that the massively brilliant man watched the same television that other ordinary people do.

Question 9.
Why did Stephen Hawking say that “Life would be tragic if it wasn’t funny” ? Did he believe in it?
Answer:
Stephen Hawking firmly believed in it. So he said this. He not only said but also enjoyed that humour in the world and pointed it out.

Question 10.
Tick the correct answer.
Why was Stephen Hawking described as “extraordinary man who loved ordinary things” ?
(a) He was a professional singer. ( )
(b) He was a physicist. ( )
(c) He was unassuming and loved humour? ( )
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) ✓

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in list A with their meanings in list B.

A	B
Physicist	Someone proficient and skilled in doing something
Cosmologist	One who is sincere, honest and truthful
Proficient	A scientist who studies the origin and nature of the universe
Genuine	One who specialises in the branch of science which deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy such as heat, light, etc.

Answer:

A	B
Physicist	One who specialises in the branch of science which deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy such as heat, light, etc.
Cosmologist	A scientist who studies the origin and nature of the universe
Proficient	Someone proficient and skilled in doing something
Genuine	One who is sincere, honest and truthful

Question 2.
Find one word substitutions for the following expressions.
(а) One who brings about or carries out a harmful, illegal and immoral act. Hint: P __________.
(b) The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people. Hint: D __________.
(c) A large number of people or things. Hint: M __________.
(d) The state of being a slave. Hint: B __________.
(e) To admit that one has committed or done something wrong. Hint: C __________.
(f) Tell someone something positively, to dispel any doubt. Hint: A __________.
Answer:
(a) perpetrator
(b) discrimination
(c) multitude/mob.
(d) bondage
(e) confess
(f) affirm.

Question 3.
Following are some expressions that reflect appreciation.
(a) Burst into applause
(b) Stamp on the floor
(c) Whopping
Make a list of other expressions that may be used to demonstrate appreciation.
Answer:
(1) to be all praise for (someone)
(2) exclamation with Hurrah! or Bravo!

Grammar:

Question 1.
Look at the words in italics in the sentences given below. Write the forms of the words such as verb, adjective, noun, adverb, etc. in the space provided.
(a) Comforting is an adjective, change it into a verb. __________
(b) Massively is an adverb, change it into an adjective. __________
(c) Believable is an adjective, change it into a verb. __________
(d) Suitably is an adverb, change it into a adjective. __________
(e) Irreverent is an adjective, change it into an adverb. __________
(f) Likely is an adverb, change it into an adjective. __________
Answer:
(a) comfort
(b) massive
(c) believe
(d) suitable
(e) irreverently
(f) Probable

Editing:

Question 1.
Some words in the following paragraphs are missing. Choose and insert the words given in the bracket.
(from, about, still, how, are, that,
such, of, can, into, a, will)
See Paragraph on Textbook Page 64-65.
Answer:

Line No.	Before Word	Word	After Word
2	dumped	into	the
11	body	of	ecological
13	Hyderabad	will	face
16	She	can	surely
16	wetland	that	you
19	you	are	at
19	everyone	that	you
20	in	from	hosting

Listening:

Question 1.
Ask one of your classmates to read aloud the following passage taken from the book The Moffats by Eleanor Estes. The passage can be prerecorded for listening. After listening, write and share your thoughts on what was Jane thinking about.

The way Mama could peel apples! A few turns of the knife and there the apple was, all skinned! Jane could not take her eyes off from her mother’s hands. They had a way of doing things, peeling apples, sprinkling salt, counting pennies that fascinated her. Jane sighed. Her mother’s peelings fell off in lovely long curls, while, for the life of her, Jane couldn’t do any better than these thick little chunks which she popped into her mouth. Moreover it took her as long to peel one apple as for Mama to do five or six. Would she ever get so quick and could she do as well?

“There,” said Mama, “that’s finished.” She set the blue and white kettle of apples on the stove. She sprinkled sugar and cinnamon on the apples with the same deft fingers. Jane sat with her elbows on the kitchen table and her chin cupped in her hands, watching her mother and considering vaguely what to do next. Upstairs she could hear Sylvie saying her lines. She was going to be Cinderella in the play at the Town Hall. Joey had gone bicycling up Shingle Hill with Chet Pudge, and Rufus was probably playing marbles down there at the end of New Dollar Street, waiting for him to come home. There wasn’t anyone to play with, so Jane picked up her doll, Hildegarde, and stuck her in her knitting bag, and went out the back door.

All the fruit trees in the yard looked inviting to Jane. She had half a mind to climb the old apple tree, sit in one of its forks and do some knitting. But first she would go and see if Rufus or Joey were in sight. She skipped round the house, out the gate, and climbed onto the fat old hitching post in front. She looked up the New Dollar Street and down the New Dollar Street for a sign of Joey or Rufus. But neither was in sight. The New Dollar Street was shaped like a bow. That is, it was not a straight street put out by a measuring rod. It had a gentle curve in it like one half of a parenthesis, the first half. Exactly halfway down the New Dollar Street was the yellow house where the Moffats, of whom Jane was the next to the youngest, lived
(Source: The Moffats by Eleanor Estes.)
Answer:
Jane seems to be a curious-to-learn sort of girl. She watches her mother carefully who was peeling apples in a skilled way. She did it with so much precision that the peels after being separated appear to be lovely long curls. Also she was mesmerized to see that her mama took very less time to peel off apples. She wondered if she ever will be good enough – as quick and precise as her mother was.

Then Jane thinks about her three friends – Sylvie, Joey and Rufus – who all are out of sight. She can just imagine that they might be doing this or that.

Jane also thought to climb the old apple tree, sit in one of its forks and do some knitting there. Lastly she thinks about the New Dollar Street which was shaped like a bow. It had a gentle curve like one half of a parenthesis. Exactly half way down the New Dollar Street was the Yellow House where Moffats, of whom Jane was the next to the youngest, lived.

Speaking:

Question 1.
Group Discussion:
Work in groups and discuss how one must stay unaffected by peer group influences and remain strong in one’s beliefs without being forced to change.
Answer:
Man is the best creation of God; every individual has been made different from that of others in order to maintain variety in the world. But at the same time we find that some have many good qualities; some have less. No doubt in order to progress in life; elimination of vices is a must but to please somebody or win somebody’s favour it is never advisable that one suppresses his identity under the influence of somebody else. Just because someone does not like a film does not mean that all others will also dislike that film. To think that one should not speak against their wish is a crime against oneself; we must refrain from it. I, therefore, feel that one must stay unaffected by peer group influences and remain strong in one’s beliefs.

Question 2.
Read the following quote from The Hundred Dresses:
Peggy, “She must have really liked us, anyway.”
There is a new found realisation in Peggy, who seems to truly understand the real Wanda. Quote instances from your life where you have changed your opinion about someone. Share the incident with your class.
Answer:
When I was 12 years old and my brother, 10 years old; my grandmother frequently went on pilgrimages. Since I was elder, I used to be preferred to go with her. Once it so happened, she refused to take me with her and my younger brother was chosen for the same. Upset with her decision; I left to talk with her. Many years passed. One day she was telling the horrible experience of taking me with her on her previous journey. I insisted too much to get an iron wheel and a stick to move it. On the way it wasn’t possible. She went to a stranger’s house; borrowed it for me. I played with it and then when I slept; she could resume her journey. My eyes were filled with tears to hear the story. I went directly to her and asked for forgiveness which she readily showered on me and gave a tight hug.

Question 3.
Recite the song – ‘The Galaxy Song’ in a group.
The Galaxy Song
Whenever life gets you down, Mrs. Brown,
And things seem hard or tough,
And people are stupid, obnoxious or daft,
And you feel that you’ve had quite eno-o-o-o-o-ough,
Just remember that you’re standing on a planet
that’s evolving
And revolving at 900 miles an hour.
It’s orbiting at 19 miles a second, so it’s reckoned,
The sun that is the source of all our power.
Now the sun, and you and me, and all the stars
that we can see,
Are moving at a million miles a day,
In the outer spiral arm, at 40,000 miles an hour,
Of a galaxy we call the Milky Way.
Our galaxy itself contains a hundred billion stars;
It’s a hundred thousand light-years side to side;
It bulges in the middle sixteen thousand light-years
thick,
But out by us it’s just three thousand light-years
wide.
We’re thirty thousand light-years from Galactic
Central Point,
We go ’round every two hundred million years;
And our galaxy itself is one of millions of billions
In this amazing and expanding universe.
Our universe itself keeps on expanding and
expanding,
In all of the directions it can whiz;
As fa^t as it can go, at the speed of light, you know,
Twelve million miles a minute and that’s the fastest
speed there is.
So remember, when you’re feeling very small and
insecure,
How amazingly unlikely is your birth;
And pray that there’s intelligent life somewhere out
in space,
‘Cause there’s bugger all down here on Earth! (Source: ‘The Galaxy Song’, Monty Python, song writers: John Du Prez / Eric Idle)
Note : Students, Do it yourself.

Writing:

Question 1.
What did Harriet mean when she said to the reporter that, “Someday I’ll plant apples myself for other young folks to eat. And I guess I did.” Do you know someone who is like Harriet ? Write about the person who has worked selflessly for the benefit of others, quoting interesting anecdotes from the person’s life.
Answer:
Mrs. Harriet meant to say that freedom from slavery was like the apples which was liked by everyone and that she had already sown the seed to achieve that. It is the grace of the almighty she lived to reap the harvest.

There is a long list of people who have worked selflessly for the benefit of others – Mother Teresa, Mahatma Gandhi etc. Of them, one name is Dasrath Manjhi. In her pregnancy, his wife used to fetch water from a distant place. Once while doing that she slipped from the mountain and for lack timely medical aid, she breathed her last. Dasrath Manjhi, though dejected, determined to shorten the way to the nearest hospital. He continually went on breaking the whole mountain all alone. It took him 22 yrs but success smiled on him and the way to the nearest hospital became 5 miles only and a road was also constructed on that. In between his first attempt and the success; many things to divert her attention happened but he stayed determined – sometimes there was drought and all villagers left the place; he was alone to support himself. Selflessness has never before been so evident.

Question 2.
Bully, as you know, is someone who dominates, does not let others speak, insults, and sometimes causes physical harm as well. Write a letter to one such bully in your school or neighbourhood and suggest ways to reflect, analyse and mend their behaviour.
Answer:
Dear Kishore,
Delhi
24.07.19
Man, being a social animal, is supposed to reflect decency, decoram and discipline through his words, deeds and action. To cause harm either to other human fellow or an animal is not expected from him. I have most oftenly seen that you relish in insulting your juniors and compelling them to do indecent things. You know, life is full of hurdles. The people you oppress and torture are infact struggling to survive. They are trying to earn bread for themselves and their families. The previous day you damaged a three wheeler and beat the driver because he did not get ready to take you to your destination. You beat him with iron rod just for the sake of dominating over. He must have received multiple fractures. Do you think this is what you should have done. My dear; his parents were in hospital and he was going to attend to them. Now, as he himself is in hospital, there is no one to look after the trio. I know, no law is going to prove you guilty and punish you but for the sake of humanity, mend your ways and be like a human being. In order to train your mind, I suggest that you do yoga for a while. This will, 1 am sure, bring about the desired change in you.
Anticipating an early change in you.
Yours truly,
XYZ.

Project:

Question 1.
An Indian was conferred with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for his extraordinary contribution and work for child rights. Can you recall his name ? There was another person from one of our neighbouring countries who shared the award with him. Do you know the name of this person?
“Every single minute matters, every single child matters, every single childhood matters”.

• Work in pairs.
• Prepare a poster or a visual presentation on the Nobel Laureate’s work and views in the context of the above quote.
• Conclude your work with the pointwise summary of U.N. Convention on child rights.

Answer:
Kailash Satyarthi was the Indian on whom the Nobel Peace Prize 2014 was conferred for his extraordinary contribution and work for child rights. Another person who shared the award with him was Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan.
Poster

The Bharat Yatra was launched by KSCF to spread awareness about child trafficking and sexual abuse. Launched in Kanyakumari on September 11, 2017, this campaign marched through seven routes covering 22 Indian states and union territories and over 12000 km.

Work and Views:
Kailash Satyarthi was born in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh. His father ws a constable and mother, an uneducated housewife.
In 1980, he gave up his career as an electrical engineer and founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan. In 1998, he led the global march against child labour traversing across 103 countries.
He argues that child labour perpetuates many social evils like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy,. population growth etc.

Summary of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child:

• A child mean severy human being under the age of eighteen years, unless, under the applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.
• Every child shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality, and the right to know and be cared for by his parents.
• Every child has the right to preservation of his or her identity.
• Every child has the right to express his/her own views freely in all matters affecting them.
• Children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.
• Every child has the right to protection from all forms of abuse, physically or mentally.
• Every child temporatily or permanently deprived of his/her own family environment has the right to special protection and assistance provided by the state.
• Every child has the right to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
• Every child has the right to education.
• Every child has the right to enjoy his/her own culture, to profess and practice his/her own religion and to use his/her own language.

Question 2.
‘The Amul’ cooperative in Anand (Gujarat) ‘ is an initiative to decentralise the collection of milk for the benefit of low income milk producers. Prepare a project on Amul. Find information on the following. You can add more points.

• Collect facts about the functioning of Amul.
• How has it transformed the lives of small farmers, milk producers, and women?
• How Information and Communication Technology and banks are giving support?
• Benefits of having cooperatives
• Do you know about the ‘Amul Girl’?

Answer:
The Amul Cooperative:
→ Functioning : Amul established a direct linkage between milk producers and consumers by eliminating middlemen. Production and marketing functions have been integrated along the chain, reducing transaction cost of farmers.

→ In the Amul mode, farmers own the company that controls the post production stages of procurement, processing and marketing of milk and milk products. The membership in the cooperative is open to all farmers who own a cow and are able to provide an annual supply of 700 litres of milk. Thus the standard of living of small farmers, milk producers and women has been elevated.

→ The use of information communication technologies in rural areas of Gujrat by GCMMFL has made the operation of the dairy industry different while it has always been argued that investments related to ICT made in rural India are not effective. This system makes it easy for farmers to get the cash payment.

→ There are mainly six benefits of cooperatives :

• providing affordable finance.
• building local expertise and profits.
• international cooperation.
• creating decent jobs.
• empowering women.
• tackling poverty and creating food security.

→ Amul girl refers to the advertising mascot used by Amul, and Indian dairy brand. The Amul girl is a hand drawn cartoon of a young Indian girl dressed in polka dotted frock with blue hair and a half pony tied up.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank

Let’s Begin:

The World Wars fought in the past stand testimony to the fact that fighting wars brings severe human suffering. The sufferers, including women and ✓ children are left behind with trauma and indelible impressions on their minds. You have read in the Class X English textbook the account of one such war in the diary of Anne Frank who captured the miseries of war in her diary. Discuss how you may relate to Anne Frank’s feelings of alienation and isolation.

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
The following excerpt is from the diary of Lena Mukhina, a teenage girl who had undergone the atrocities of Germans when they fortified the city of Leningrad. The siege of Leningrad is an important landmark in the history of Russia. The siege of Leningrad lasted from September 1941 to 1944. The city was cut off from the rest of Russia. The Germans continuously bombarded the city which resulted in death, destruction, and starvation of the people. However, the resolute Russians were warned in the beginning that the enemy was at the gate and it was a question of life and death. They fought bravely and failed the Germans in their evil designs.

Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
Foreword from The Diary of Lena Mukhina:
No one could possibly have known that the city would remain in the grip of siege for 872 days and nights. But Leningrad’s citizens had begun to feel the breath of war as early as September. Daily air raids and artillery bombardment of residential neighbourhoods drove the city’s inhabitants into bomb shelters, several times a day, and for hours at a time. People’s initial curiosity in the aftermath of the first bomb attacks soon gave way to fear and then, in conditions of appalling hunger and cold, to apathy.

Leningraders welcomed inclement weather for the reduced visibility it brought. They came to dread sunny days and moonlit nights, when the Germans would be sure to bomb their city. Cloud cover, however, offered no protection from artillery fire: in just over six months from the start of the siege there were only thirty-two days when shells did not explode on the city’s streets.

Hunger soon set in. Between September and November 1941 the bread rations that had been announced in July were reduced five times, reaching their lowest point on 20 November – 125 ‘blockade grams’ for children, dependents and white-collar workers and 250g for manual workers, technicians and engineers. Rations of meat, butter, sugar and other food items were severely reduced. The summer months and the beginning of autumn, when it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.

Question 1.
Infer the meanings of the following expressions. The first has been done for you as an example.
(a) to feel the breath of war: there were indications that war was going to start soon
(b) appalling hunger and cold: ___________.
(c) start of the siege: ___________.
(d) blockade grams: ___________.
Answer:
(b) the extreme conditions of hunger and inclement weather.
(c) from the beginning of the blockade; i.e., since the time blockade process started.
(d) during the seige food for people had been stipulated; no more than the stipula ted was allowed.

Question 2.
List the words from the: passage which are related to the war, for example ‘bombardment’.
Answer:
List of words is – raid, attack, appal siege, shells, explode.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Who were the captives as stated in the above passage?
(b) Why did the people under siege welcome the bad weather conditions?
(c) What were the fears in the mind of the people?
(d) Have the people lost hope or reconciled to the existing situation?
Answer:
(a) The captives were the Leningraders, (the citizens of Leningrad)

(b) People welcomed the bad weather conditions because it brought with it reduced visibility which did not allow the Germans to locate them to bombard.

(c) The fears in the minds of the people were

• they would be bombarded to death.
• they would be starved to death as the food supply was insufficient.

(d) People neither lost hope nor reconciled to the existing situation; they fought and liberated Leningrad from the clutches of the Germans.

Question 4.
Tick the correct answer
‘…when it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.’ It means:
(a) There was hope of getting ration soon.
(b) Citizens under siege had to show their ration cards for buying food.
(c) There were shops and canteen for buying food for the people under siege.
(d) The possibility of buying the food without a ration card as in the past, was no more than a memory now.
Answer:
(a) X
(b) X
(c) X
(d) ✓

Text – II
There are many ways of recording the events, news, and personal experiences. Diary writing, logbook, daybook, journal, etc. are a few to name. The journal writing is about writing the everyday record of an event or writing about an event, activity or experience, etc
The following is an excerpt from the beginning of A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe.

A Journal of the Plague Year:
It was about the beginning of September, 1664, that I, among the rest of my neighbours, heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again.

We had no such thing as printed newspapers in those days to spread rumours and reports of things, and to improve them by the invention of men, as I have lived to see practiced since. But such things as these were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who corresponded abroad, and from them were handed about by word of mouth only; so that things did not spread instantly over the whole nation, as they do now.

But it seems that the Government had a true account of it, and several councils were held about ways to prevent its coming over; but all was kept very private. Hence, it was that this rumour died off again, and people began to forget it as a thing we were very little concerned in, and that we hoped was not true; till the latter end of November or the beginning of December 1664 when two men, said to be Frenchmen, died of the plague in Long Acre, or rather at the upper end of Drury Lane.

The family they were in endeavoured to conceal it as much as possible, but as it had gotten some vent in the discourse of the neighbourhood, the Secretaries of State got knowledge of it; and concerning themselves to inquire about it, in order to be certain of the truth, two physicians and a surgeon were ordered to go to the house and make inspection. This they did; and finding evident tokens of the sickness upon both the bodies that were dead, they gave their opinions publicly that they died of the plague. Whereupon, it was given in to the parish clerk, and he also returned them to the Hall; and it was printed in the weekly bill of mortality in the usual manner, thus – Plague 2. Parishes infected 1.

Question 1.
The above passage is written in the English that was prevalent in the eighteenth century. Find some words and phrases from the text which seem different as compared to the English language usage at present. List them and find an appropriate substitute for each. Look at the example given below:
Example : whence – when
Answer:
whither – where
candia – crete
practiced – practised

Question 2.
Answer the following questions:
(a) What is being talked about in the first paragraph of Daniel Defoe’s journal?
(b) How was news about important events circulated during those days?
(c) Why did the rumour about the plague die off?
(d) How was the news about the plague confirmed ?
Answer:
(a) That plague was returned again to Holland.

(b) News about important events were circulated through word of mouth during those days. Such things were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who corresponded abroad.

(c) The Government had a true account of plague coming over to Holland. Several councils were held about ways to prevent it but all was kept very private. Thus the rumour about it died off with passage of time.

(d) When two French men died off in 1664 in Long Acre; two physicians and a surgeon inspected their bodies and confirmed that they had died of plague.

Question 3.
Tick the correct answer.
‘… the weekly bill of mortality’ means:
(а) The weekly payment of dues
(b) The weekly news about the deaths
(c) The statement about the hospital expenditure issued every week
(d) The list which was issued weekly, of persons who died due to plague
Answer:
(a) x
(b) x
(c) x
(d) ✓

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Choose a word or expression that completes each of the following sentences. One has been done for you.
(а) I can’t tell you the plan because I don’t know about it.
(him her it them)

(b) One should learn to defend ___________ against bullies.
(herself itself himself oneself)

(c) The girls ___________ were helping you were probably Rahul’s friends.
(which who that they)

(d) These dresses belong to you. I am sure they are ___________.
(yours your yours’ theirs)

(e) The fire caused serious ___________ to the group of houses.
(damage damages injuries injury)

(f) The board was ___________ plans for the tournament.
(concerned to concerned at concern about concerned with)
Answer:
(b) oneself
(c) who
(d) yours
(e) damage
(f) concerned with

Grammar:

Idiomatic expressions:
Question 1.
Refer to the lesson ‘From the diary of Anne Frank’ in your Class X textbook. There are some idiomatic expressions in the text.
For example:
(a) Our entire class is quaking in its boots.
Quake in (one’s) boot: to tremble with fear or nervousness

(b) Until then we keep telling each other not to lose heart.Not to lose one’s heart: not to lose hope or not to feel demoralised.
Now, look at the idiomatic expressions given below. Use a dictionary to find out the meanings. Make sentences using the expressions.
all’s fair in love and war icing on the cake
call the shots chalk and cheese
raining cats and dogs breaking the ice
Answer:

• all’s fair in love and war: In the game of love and war, no step whatsoever inhuman or cruel, can be considered improper.
• icing on the cake : an attractive but inessential addition or enhancement.
• call the shots : to take initiative in deciding how something should be done.
• chalk and cheese : fundamentally different or incompatible.
• raining cats and dogs : to rain heavily; torrential rain.
• breaking the ice : relieve tension or get conversation going at the start of a party or between strangers.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks using the contracted forms of the verbs. One has been done for you.
This is a beautiful flower. Is not it? Isn’t it?
(а) You should not eat so much. You eat so much.
(b) They have written the story. written the story.
(c) Let us go watch a movie. go watch a movie.
(d) He did not play tennis. He play tennis.
(e) I could not find my friend in the crowd.
I ___________ find my friend in the crowd.
(f) Here is your bag. your bag.
(g) I would guide him. guide him.
(h) They are not rich. They rich.
Answer:
(a) shouldn’t
(b) They haven’t
(c) Let’s
(d) didn’t
(e) couldn’t
(f) Here’s
(g) I’d
(h) aren’t

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs given below. Change the tense of the verbs wherever required.
(breakdown, find out, look for, go out, check cut)
Suhasini wanted to ___________ with her mother to the book shop. Her mother came back home very late. She said that her car on the way back. She had to a mechanic. She ___________ several apps for roadside assistance but then ___________ that her internet was not working.
Answer:
go out, had broken down, look for, checked out, found out.

Editing:

Question 1.
Read this quote from Max Muller. There are errors in the text. Find out the errors and write the correct word in the space provided
“If I was asked under what sky the human mind ___________ has most fully developed some for its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems ___________ of life, and has find solutions of some of them which ___________ well deserve the attention even of them who have studied Plato and Kant, I should pointed to India. And if I were to ask me from what literature ___________ we who has been nurtured almost exclusively ___________ on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of the Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw the corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, ___________.
more comprehensive, more universal, in fact most truly human a life… ___________
again I should point to India.”
by Max Muller
(Source: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/ 1039434-if-i-were-asked-under-what-sky-the-human- mind)
Answer:

• what – which
• some – itself
• on – over
• find – found
• deserve – deserves
• kant – kent
• what- which
• has – have
• more perfect – perfecter
• human – a human

Listening:

Question 1.
Listen to the following YouTube link on ‘The Siege of Leningrad’ and make notes in the first box. Then write a narrative account of it in the second box.
(Source: 8th September 1941: Start of‘The Siege of Leningrad’ https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=5n2ymOLHyRU)

Answer:
First Box
(I) Leningrad, now known as Saint Petersberg:

• a significant Soviet city
• a centre of industrial production
• had military base for the Baltic.

(II) Operation Barbarossa’s invasion on 22nd June 1941.

• goal was to capture Leningrad.
• Field Marshal Von Leeb reached south and
• Finnish army approached North.
• Civilian prepared fortifications
• Leningrad was surroundeed; communication lines severed.
• Hitler ordered the city be starved.
• One million civilians died.
• Siege lasted for 870 days.
• The Red army repelled the Germans.
• Lifted siege in Jan 1944.

IInd Box:
Leningrad, now known as Saint Petersberg was invaded on 22nd June 1941 and captured by operation Barbarossa’s invasion. Field Marshal Von Leeb captured South and the Finnish Army, north. Civilians prepared fortifications. Leningrad was surrounded and communication lines were severed. Owing to Hitler’s order to starve the city to submission, over one million people died. The siege lasted for 870 days. In January 1944, the Red Army repelled the German forces.

Speaking:

1. The following poem is taken from The Diary of Lena Mukhina.
(a) Ask your teacher to recite the poem. Listen to the poem attentively and identify the qualities mentioned.
(b) Discuss these qualities with your partner.
(c) Think of a person who has some of these qualities and talk about them to your partner. You can highlight the incidents and actions of the person that reflect these qualities.
Lena Mukhina’s Diary
22 May 1941 – 25 May 1942
‘Remember My Sad Story : Lena Mukhina’s Siege Diary’
Consider any day on which you do not discover anything new or learn anything useful a lost day!
Anyone can become strong, smart and steadfast. There is only one essential requirement – will power!
Will power can conquer anything.
A strong-willed person is persistent and determined.
People are not born brave, strong and smart. These qualities must be acquired through perseverance and with determination, like the ability to read and write.
Answer:
(a) Qualities mentioned in the poem are : strong, smart, steadfast, strong will-power, strong willed person, persistent, determined, perseverance, determination.

(b) Discuss with partner

(c) One such person who has some of these qualities is known to me. In my childhood; baby- stealer used to move around. A culprit attempted to kidnap me giving me lolly-pop to be engaged with. As soon as that person saw from a distance that I was being made to sit on a cycle of his; he raised the alarm and started chasing us. He succeeded; caught us. I was handed over to my parents; and the baby stealer, to the police.

Writing:

Question 1.
You have read in the passage ‘A Journal of the Plague Year’ by Daniel Defoe about how the news of plague was reported in those times. What are the means of reporting today?
Answer:
e-mail, SMS, twitter, Whatsapp, hike, telegram, facebook, instagram, linkedin, telegraph, messenger, mobile phone, landline phone, gmail.

Question 2.
Write a report on any one of the following – conservation of environment, plantation of trees, waste disposal, water harvesting, and the cleanliness drive under Swaehh Bharat Abhiyan carried out in your locality.
Answer:
Swaehh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a nationwide cleanliness campaign. It has been implemented to fulfil the vision and mission of clean India one day. It was launched especially on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi as he always dreamed and was very keen to make this country a clean country. He had tried for clean India during his time by motivating people through his campaigns and slogans. However it was only partially successful because of the limited involvement of the people of India.

But after so many years, Swaehh Bharat Mission was again started by the Government of India to make the dream of clean India come true till 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It was started in 2014 on 2nd Oct. on the 145th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It is a big challenge for all the citizens of India. It is only possible if each and every person living in India would understand this campaign, their responsibility and try to join hands to make it successful.

The mission is promoted by many famous personalities to spread this mission as an awareness programme throughout the country. In order to ensure cleanliness, UP CM Yogi Adityanath has banned chewing of Paan, Gutka and other tobacco products in the government offices across the state since March 2017.

Project:

Question 1.
Work in groups of four. Find out about ‘The Bengal famine of 1943’. It was a major famine in the Bengal province in India during World War II. Collect information on the following points on The Bengal famine of 1943 for the project:
(а) Affected area(s)
(b) Reasons of famine
(c) Relief measures
(d) Pictures, films, etc.
Prepare a poster using pictures and highlighting the information you have collected. Give a title of your choice to the poster and display it in the class.
Answer:
The Bengal Famine of 1943

I hate Indians. They are beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits – Winston Churchill.

Dead bodies of human beings strewn all over.

Departure to nearby towns and cities in search of food.

Starvation and malnutrition at its peak. Epidemics kill thousands of people.

Cholera, typhoid, malaria, small-pox and enteric kill thousands.

No medical aid availabale to the massess.

People are compelled to see their near and dear ones dying for want of no medical aid.

Comparative study of Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Bengal Famine of 1943.
Answer:

• “I hate Indians. They are beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits.” – Winston Churchill.
• Dead bodies of human beings strewn all over.
• Departure to nearby towns and cities in search of food.
• Starvation and malnutrition at its peak. Epidemics kill thousands of people.
• Cholera, Typhoid, malaria, small-pox and enteric kill thousands.
• No medical aid availabale to the masses.
• People are compelled to see their near and dear ones dying for want of no medical aid.
• Comparative study of Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Bengal Famine of 1943.

Do You Know:
One of the three islands in the Juan Fernandez archipelago, 700 km off the Pacific coast of Chile was discovered in the 16th century. Alexander Selkirk, the Scottish sailor was marooned there for four years and four months. He related his experience to Daniel Defoe, who wrote his famous adventure book Robinson Crusoe based on the sailor’s experience, since then the island is known as Robinson Crusoe.

There is a seemingly unbelievable true story of the orphaned bear cub, which was found by Polish troops during World War II who travelled with them through Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Italy and Scotland. During the war, Wojciech Narebski and his fellow Polish servicemen had to lift crates of heavy metal artillery. Fortunately for them, one of the soldiers had superhuman strength: Corporal Wojtek, a Syrian brown bear.

When the bear saw that soldiers were struggling, he’d want to help… he’d come over, grab a crate and carry it to the truck. This can be heavy work, even for a bear. When Wojtek (bear) got tired, he would simply stack one crate on top of the other which also helped the soldiers because they didn’t have to lift the crate off the ground. Of course, Corporal Wojtek (bear) got a reward of honey and marmalade. That was his favourite!
You know, things can happen that you wouldn’t normally think are true. Collect some more stories under the title – ‘Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.’
Answer:
A story under the title
‘Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.’
My grandmother, being religious by nature, frequently went on a pilgrimage and always opted me to accompany her on the journey. Once she chose my brother instead of me and went. Being displeased with her, I decided not to talk to her. Anyway her journey had been satisfying and fruitful. When she came back; she approached me to talk. I refused but she insisted. Then she understood everything.

She told me how I had made her previous journey a nightmare due to my stubborn behaviour. I had insisted for an iron rod round shaped wheel and something to run it with. Although she was fed up; she somehow managed it from a stranger’s house and gave me to play with. When I had a nap; she gave it back resumed her onward journey. Thus I got back to my senses and realised my mistake. My grandmother was not at fault whom I wanted to punish; it was I who was guilty.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 3 Two Stories about Flying

Let’s Begin:

You have read two stories about flying. ‘His First Flight’ is about how a young bird learns to fly and ‘Jilack Aeroplane’ is a mystery.

1. Read the story, ‘His First Flight’ again. Working in groups of four, answer the following questions selecting the correct option.

Question 1.
The young seagull was afraid of flying because ___________.
(a) he felt his wings would not support him
(b) other bird knew to fly very well
(c) the sea was very large
(d) his mother and father threatened him
Answer:
(a) he felt his wings would not support him

Question 2.
Why did his family taunt him about his cowardice?
(a) He went with his sisters and brothers.
(b) He was not listening to them.
(c) He was not accepting their request to fly with them.
(d) He was not liked by them at all.
Answer:
(c) He was not accepting their request to fly with them.

Question 3.
How did the young seagull start flying?
(a) His mother showed him the fish and moved away from him to make him fly.
(b) His brothers and sisters trained him to fly.
(c) He was hungry and he moved to fly in search of food.
(d) He did not learn to fly at all.
Answer:
(a) His mother showed him the fish and moved away from him to make him fly.

Question 4.
Which of the following statements is not true of the young seagull?
(а) He was lazy and did not want to fly.
(b) He wanted to fly, but was afraid of flying.
(c) His mother, father, brothers, and sisters helped him to fly.
(d) His hunger made him fly.
Answer:
(а) He was lazy and did not want to fly.

Question 5.
Say whether the following statements about the seagull are true or false.
(а) The young seagull liked to fly with his brothers and sisters. ( )
(b) The young seagull was hungry so he started to fly. ( )
(c) He was scared of flying first. ( )
(d) He flew on his own to get the food. ( )
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) True

2. You have another story, ‘The Black Aeroplane’ in the lesson. Read the story again and develop at least five multiple choice questions based on the story. Work in pairs and ask your partner to answer them. The questions may be based on the events, persons, reasons and causes of the events, and results in the story.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
The author was flying his old Dakota aeroplane from ___________.
(a) France back to England
(b) England back to France
(c) France back to Russia
(d) France back to India
Answer:
(a) France back to England

Question 2.
The author knew that he could not fly up and over the storm clouds because ___________.
(a) he had started feeling dizzy
(b) he didn’t have enough time on his hands
(c) he didn’t have enough fuel to fly around them to the north or south.
(d) he was warned not to do so
Answer:
(c) he didn’t have enough fuel to fly around them to the north or south.

Question 3.
How far behind was Paris when the author saw the storm clouds?
(a) 120 kilometers
(b) 180 kilometers
(c) 250 kilometers
(d) 150 kilometers
Answer:
(d) 150 kilometers

Question 4.
The pilot of the Black Aeroplane turned slowly to the north in front of Dakota aeroplane ___________.
(a) so that it would be easier for the author to follow him
(b) so that it would be easier for the author to clearly see the storm clouds
(c) so that the author could see the two long straight lines of light in front of him
(d) so that he could move past the author
Answer:
(a) so that it would be easier for the author to follow him

Question 5.
The woman at the control room was ___________ to hear the author’s questions.
(a) angry
(b) disappointed
(c) surprised
(d) scared
Answer:
(c) surprised

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
Let’s now read the story of a bus conductor and his passengers with a dog. The story is written by A. G Gardiner.

All about a Dog:
It was a bitterly cold night, and even at the far end of the bus the east wind that raved along the street cut like a knife. The bus stopped and two women and a man got in together and filled the vacant places. The young woman was dressed in sealskin, and carried one of those little Pekinese dogs that women in sealskin like to carry in their laps. The conductor came in and took the fares. Then his eyes rested with old malice on the beady eyed toy dog. I saw trouble brewing. This was the opportunity for which he had been waiting and he intended to make the most of it. I had marked him as the type of what Mr. Wells has called the Resentful Employee, the man with a great vague grievance against everything and a particular grievance against passengers who came and sat in his seat while he shivered at the door.
“you must take that dog out,” he said with sour venom.
“I shall certainly do nothing of the kind. You can take my name and address,” said the woman, who had evidently expected the challenge and knew the reply.
“You must take the dog out- that’s my orders.”
“I won’t go on the top in such weather. It would kill me,” said the woman.
“Certainly not,” said her lady companion, “You’ve got a cough as it is.”
“It’s nonsense,” said her male companion.
The conductor pulled the bell and the bus stopped. “This bus doesn’t go until that dog is brought out.” And he stepped on to the pavement and waited. It was his moment of triumph. He had the law on his side and the whole bus full of angry people under the harrow. His embittered soul was having a real holiday.

The storm inside rose high “Shameful!” “He’s no better than a German.” “Why isn’t he in the army ?” “Call the police. Let’s all report him.” “Let’s make him give us our fares back.” Everybody was on the side of the lady and the dog.

That little animal sat blinking at the dim lights in happy unconsciousness of the rumpus of which he was the cause. The conductor came to the door, “What’s your number ?” said one, taking out a pocket- book with a gesture of terrible things. “There’s my number,” said the conductor imperturbably. “Give us bur fares back.” “You can’t leave us here all night.” “No fares back,” said the conductor.

Two or three passengers got out and disappeared into the night. The conductor took another turn on the pavement, then went and had a talk with the driver. Another bus, the last on the road, sailed by indifferent to the shouts of the passengers to stop, ‘They stick by each other the villains,” was the comment.

Someone pulled the bell violently. That brought the driver round to the door, “Who’s conductor of this bus ?” he said and paused for reply. “None coming,” he returned to his seat, and resumed beating his arms across his chest. There was no hope in that quarter. A policeman strolled up and looked in at the door. An avalanche of indignant protests and appeals burst on him. “Well, he’s got his rules, you know,” he said. “Give your name and address.” “That’s what he’s been offered, and he won’t take it.” “Oh,” said the policeman, and he went away and took his stand a few yards down the street, where he was joined by two more constables.

And still the little dog blinked at the lights, and the conductor walked to and fro on the pavement, like a captain on the quarterdeck in the hour of victory. A young woman, whose voice had risen high above the gale inside, descended on him with an air of threatening and slaughter. He was immovable as cold as the night, and as hard as the pavement. She passed on in a fury of impotence to the three policemen, who stood like a group of statuary on the street watching the drama. Then she came back, imperiously beckoned to her ‘young man’ who had sat a silent witness of her rage, and vanished. Others followed. The bus was emptying. Even the dashing young fellow who had demanded the number and who had declared he would see this thing through if he sat there all night, had taken an opportunity to slip away.

Meanwhile the Pekinese party was passing through every stage as of resistance to abject surrender. “I’ll go on the top.” said the sealskin lady at last. “You mustn’t.” “I will.” “You’ll have pneumonia.”

“Let me take it.” (This from the man) “Certainly not.” She would die with her dog. When she had disappeared up the stairs, the conductor came back, pulled the bell, and the bus went on. He stood sourly triumphant while his conduct was savagely discussed in his face by the remnant of the party.

Then the engine struck work, and the conductor went to help the driver. It was a long job and presently the lady with the dog stole down the stairs and re-entered the bus. When the engine was put right, the conductor came back and pulled the bell. Then his eyes fell on the dog, and his hand went to the bell-rope again. The driver looked around, the conductor pointed to the dog, the bus stopped, and the struggle recommenced with all the original features – the conductor walking the pavement, the driver smacking his arms on the box, the little dog blinking at the lights, the sealskin lady declaring that she would not go on the top and finally going.

“I’ve got my rules,” said the conductor to me when I was the last passenger left behind. He had won his victory, but felt that he would like to justify himself to somebody. “Rules,” I said,“ are necessary things, but there are rules and rules. Some are hard and fast rules, like the rules of the road, which cannot be broken without danger to life and limb. But some are only rules for guidance, which you can apply or wink at, as common sense dictates, like that rule about the dogs. They are not a whip, put in your hand to scourge your passengers with, but an authority for an emergency. They are meant to be observed in the spirit, not in the letter, for the comfort and not the discomfort of the passengers. You have kept the rule and broken its spirit. You may mix your rules with a little goodwill and good temper.” He took it very well and when I got off the bus he said “Good night” quite amiably.

Now, complete the box narrating the story in the correct sequence.

Answer:

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Making adverbs: bitterly, imperturbably, violently, and evidently are some words you have come across in the story. These are adverbs. A few words are given below. Make adverbs of these words and use them in sentences of your own. (Take care of the spelling when you convert these into adverbs.)
(a) Angry ___________
(b) Vague ___________
(c) Indignant ___________
(d) Threatening ___________
(e) Hurry ___________
Answer:
(a) Adverb : Angrily
Sentence : The agitated husband shouted at his wife angrily.

(b) Adverb : Vaguely
Sentence : He vaguely remembered the memories of his childhood.

(c) Adverb: Indignantly
Sentence : Mr. Sharma behaved indignantly because of the unjust treatment of the police towards him.

(d) Adverb: Threateningly
Sentence : The police constable moved threateningly towards the robber.

(e) Adverb : Hurriedly
Sentence : The victim was rushed hurriedly to the emergency ward.

Question 2.
Now, look at the word given below in italic.
He was immovable.
‘im’ is the prefix added to the word ‘movable’. The prefix ‘im’ made ‘immovable’ an antonym of ‘movable’. Now, make more words with the prefix im- which are antonyms.
Answer:

	Prefix	Word	Antonym
1.	im	mobile	immobile
2.	im	patient	impatient
3.	im	polite	impolite
4.	im	mature	immature
5.	im	measurable	immeasurable
6.	im	modest	immodest
7.	im	moral	immoral
8.	im	mortal	immortal

Question 3.
In groups of five, create a word-web or collocation chart of words with prefixes ‘il’ and ‘in’.
Answer:
Example 1:

Prefix	Word	New word
il	logical	illogical
il	literate	illiterate
il	legal	illegal
il	legible	illegible
il	legitimate	illegitimate
il	limitability	illimitability

Example 2:

in	secure	insecure
in	sincere	insincere
in	sensitive	insensitive
in	adequate	inadequate
in	accurate	inaccurate
in	ability	inability
in	accessible	inaccessible

Grammar:

A. Phrasal verbs:
The sentence below is taken from the text you have read. The phrase in italic is a phrasal verb. A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition, for example check in or a verb + an adverb, for example break down). When they are used together, they usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
… Walk away from the old Dakota.
walk away is a phrasal verb which means to move away from.

Find out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and use them appropriately in sentences.
Answer:

Phrasal verbs	Word-meaning	Sentence
(a) walk in	to enter inside a place	Two burglars walked in the bar armed with big guns.
(b) walkout	to suddenly leave a person who needs you	Her husband had walked out on her a year before.
(c) take away	to remove something	The protestors were arrested and taken away by the police.
(d) take up	to start doing something regularly as a habit, job or interest	Shamita took up a job as a receptionist at a medical store.
(e) take in	to understand and remember something that you hear or read	With the expressions on her face, I could make out that she didn’t take in much of what I said to her.
(f) take out	to kill somebody or destroy something	The night bombing raid took out the bridge.
(g) give away	to tell information or facts that should be kept secret	Raian broke his friend’s trust by giving away information of his marital disharmony.
(h) give in	to stop competing or arguing and accepting that you cannot win	Maria Sharapova refused to give in and went on to win the set.
(i) give up	to stop doing something you are trying hard to do	We have given up trying to persuade Ram to get rid of his bad habits.
(j) put in	to spend a particular amount of time doing something, or make a particular amount of efforts doing something	The winning team put in a lot of efforts to clinch the title.
(k) put away	to save an amount of money	With her meagre income, she tried hard to put away for her future needs.
(l) put out	to make something stop burning/extinguish	It took the fire fighters approximately 3 hours to put out the huge fire.

B. The Passive:
Compare the two sentences given below:
Ramesh painted the walls.
The walls were painted by Ramesh.
The first sentence is in active form and the second sentence is in passive form. When the person doing the action (Ramesh) is the subject, we use the verb in the active voice. When the subject is what the action is directed at (the walls), we use the verb in the passive voice. In the first sentence, we talked about Ramesh but in the second sentence we talked about what happened to the walls.

In the passive sentence we use by+agent to add important information, that is by Ramesh. We can leave out by+agent if it does not provide any specific information.

Example:
All the students were given sweets yesterday.
My room is cleaned everyday in the morning.
A large number of films on wildlife conservation have been made.

Use the words given below and frame sentences using the passive forms of the verbs.
Examples:
→ Rice / cultivate / Gangetic valley and coastal region. (Simple Present)
Rice is cultivated in Gangetic valley and coastal region.

→ The documents / sign / principal. (Present Perfect)
The documents have been signed by the principal.
(a) Taj Mahal / build / Shah Jahan. (Simple Past)
(b) Malaria virus / transmit / female Anopheles mosquito. (Simple Present)
(c) The case / solve / police and two persons arrest. (Present Perfect)
(d) Many houses / and lives / destroy / the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna. (Simple Past)
(e) The ultraviolet rays / prevent / the ozone layer / entering the earth’s surface. (Simple Present)
(f) The field / convert / playground. (Present Perfect)
Answer:
(a) Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
(b) Malaria virus is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito.
(c) The case has been solved and two persons have been arrested.
(d) Many houses and lives were destroyed by the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna.
(e) The ultraviolet rays are prevented by the ozone layer from entering the earth’s surface.
(f) The field has been converted into a playground.

C. Unscramble the following sentences to make meaningful ones:
(а) records / flying / many / who / American aviator / was an / Amelia Earhart / set
(b) the first / across / woman / solo / to fly / the Atlantic Ocean / she / became
(c) a flight / July 1937 / the globe / Earhart / disappeared / to circumnavigate / somewhere / over the / Pacific / in /during
(d) was never / found / and / she was / officially declared / plane wreckage / lost / at sea / her
(e) century / her / disappearance / remains / of the / one of the / greatest / unsolved mysteries / twentieth
(Source: https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-weirdest- unsolved-mysteries-of-world-war-ii-5886698)
Answer:
(a) Amelia Earhart who was an American aviator set many flying records.
(b) She became the first woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean solo.
(c) In July 1937 during a flight to circumnavigate the globe, Earhart disppeared somewhere over the pacific.
(d) Her plane wreckage was never found and she was officially declared lost an sea.
(e) Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved maysteries of the twentieth century.

Editing:

Question 1.
Use capital letters, commas, and full stops to edit this paragraph.
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claimed to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space ships carrying aliens from other planets some people have given evidences to support their observations they said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space said t: a they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. Public panicked there were arguments and discussion. ail over the country. Police were on red aler. Many community centres were established people became more vigilant gradually the number of sightings reduced.
Answer:
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), which people claimed to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space ships carrying aliens from other planets. Some people have given evidences to support their observations. They said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space, said that they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. Public panicked. There were arguments and discussions all over the country. Police were on red alert. Many community centres were established. People became more vigilant. Gradually the number of sightings reduced.

Listening:

Question 1.
Do you like riddles? Riddles make us think and attempt to solve puzzles through various ways and means. Read this riddle out loud and find answers to it. You can also discuss with your friends. You will notice that we speak out what we think. This is known as Think-aloud protocol. As you solve the riddles, speak out all the ideas that come to your mind to solve it.
Riddle 1
A farmer returns from the market, where he bought a goat, a cabbage and a wolf (what a crazy market). On the way home he must cross a river. His boat is small and won’t fit more than one of his purchases. He cannot leave the goat alone with the cabbage (because the goat would eat it), nor he can leave the goat alone with the wolf (because the goat would be eaten).
How can the farmer get everything on the other side in this river crossing puzzle?
Answer:
First the farmer will take the goat with him in the boat and drop him on the other side of the river. Then he will row back to the other side. Next he will take the cabbage with him to the other side. He will drop the cabbage there and bring back the goat with him. On reaching the other side with the goat he will drop the goat there and take wolf with him to be dropped to the other side of the river. He’ will leave the cabbage with the Tiger and then start his reverse journey. Finally on reaching the destination he will pick the goat and take it with him to the other side.

Riddle 2
Three humans, one big monkey, and two small monkeys are to cross a river:
(a) Only humans and the big monkey can row the boat.
(b) At all times, the number of humans on either side of the river must be greater or equal to the number of monkeys on that side (or else the humans will be killed by the monkeys!).
(c) The boat only has room for two (monkeys or humans).
(d) Monkeys can jump out of the boat when it’s on the river bank.
How will they cross the river ? Help them out.
Answer:
Firstly, one of the human, will row one of the small monkeys to the other side of the river in his boat. Then he will continue on its return journey. On reaching the other side, he will take another small monkey with him and start, his forward journey to the other side. After dropping the small monkey to that side he will start off for his reverse journey to the other side. On reaching the other side, he will pick one human and start off with him on his forward journey to the other side of the river. On reaching the other side, he will drop the man there and row back the small monkey to the other side.

On reaching the other side the man in the boat will pick one more human and start with him on his forward journey to the other side of the river. On reaching that side, the man in the boat will drop him on that side. Then he will start off for his reverse journey to the other side of the river. On reaching the other side, he will pick one small monkey and start off for his forward journey to the other side of the river. After dropping the small monkey that side he will start off for. his reverse journey to the other side. On reaching the other side, he finally picks up the big monkey and they both start off for their forward journey to reach the other side of the river.

Writing:

Article Writing
Question 1.
‘Rules are meant to be observed in spirit not only in letter’. Explain what you understand by this statement. Write an article in about 120-150 words on how the rules can be effectively implemented in the society and citizens can follow it in the true spirit. You may use any of the ideas given in the box. Follow the stages involved in the process approach to writing.
(a) Use it in the context of gender (protection of women’s rights / dowry/ female infanticide, etc.).
(b) In the context of environment (cutting of trees / poaching / pollution).
(c) Smoking in public / following traffic rules, etc. (add cartoons with fun facts, for example parking in front of no parking sign).
(d) In the context of value and self discipline.
Answer:
‘Rules are meant to be observed in spirit not only in letter’. This statement dictates and expects people to not only obey the literal interpretation of the letter (words) of the law but majorly the intentions of those who wrote the law. There are certain areas and situation where the stringent application of the law may have detrimental consequences. The main idea behind formulation of various laws/rules/regulations and their enforcement it to enforce discipline amongst the citizens. Laws are put in place for the convenience of the people and for safeguarding their interests. If the laws are observed only in letter and not in spirit, the whole purpose of law-making is lost.

Satisfactory application of laws should invariably result in peace and harmony in the nation and should not breed agitation and discontent amongst people. In the story. “All about a dog” the behaviour of the conductor was unreasonable and unjustified. His forcing the harmless little dog out of the bus at the cost of the passengers’ convenience was inappropriate. It resulted into a of cascade unpleasant consequences.

As per my understanding dogs are not allowed inside a bus as they might cause inconvenience and rumpus. But the dog in the story was well behaved and didn’t cause any nuisance to the passengers. So forgoing the strict observation of the letter of the law would have not been a serious breach. It is, however, mandatory that laws regarding the protection of women’s rights, protection of environment, traffic rules are strictly enforced. Those who don’t observe these rules must be penalised. In a nutshell, the laws that ensure value and self-discipline must be followed in the right spirit.

Story Writing:

Question 2.
You have read and experienced how the little seagull learnt to fly and then the story Of the mysterious black aeroplane. You have also read the story, ‘All about a dog*. How were these experiences ? You may have also experienced some such situations in your life: learning to ride on a bicycle, watching a cat or any other animal trying to jump over the wall, your own bitter experience in a difficult situation, etc. Think of such an experience and write down the points and develop the ideas into an outline. Write your experiences like a short story.
Answer:
All the three stories mentioned in the question had a common theme. They all had an underlying message that hardwork invariably brings success. Despite the harsh circumstances, if one is determined and committed to a task he/she would definitely gain success at it. All the three stories were quite encouraging and motivating.

The relentless Beetle:
One rainy afternoon, I was sitting in my Verandah to enjoy the lovely weather outside. It was quite mesmerizing to sit in the lap of nature, noticing and admiring its beauty. Tiny drops of water on the leaves of the tree looked like shiny pearls. The birds with their young ones comfortably sheltered in the nest was a wonderful sight. Suddenly, out of the comer of my eye, I noticed something crawling along one of the concrete pillars of the verandah. It was a beetle, a tiny-little, brownish black creature. From what it appeared to me I made out that it was constantly trying hard to reach the middle of the pillar that led to a hole. That was may be its dwelling place. It was facing difficulty moving against the slippery wall.

For every 3 steps forward it would fall 2 steps backwards. I knew the next few minutes of this activity were going to be exciting. I kept my eyes glued to each and every activity of the beetle. Despite the harsh circumstances that it was facing it didn’t lose hope. It continued its efforts with the unrelenting vigour. It was determined in its efforts. Finally after a period of struggle for a couple of minutes the beetle managed to reach the hole. The whole experience was quite motivating for me. It added to my joys and made the whole atmosphere around me even more positive. I greatly admire the courage and relentless attitude of the little creature. That incident made be realise that learning can come in a variety of ways from sources beyond your imagination. I feel all of us must learn from such beautiful experiences and apply that learning in our daily lives to make is more successful.

Project:

Question 1.
You have learnt about the freedom struggles of many nations after the Second World War and the many leaders who spearheaded freedom movements in their countries. Based on the learning from history and political science, write about any two leaders from different nations.

Question 2.
Go around your neighbourhood and talk to people, particularly elders, and collect riddles and puzzles in their languages.

• Ask them how and why such riddles could have emerged.
• Collect at least 10 – 15 riddles and write them in an order with information.
• Find out more about the riddle.
• Present it to the class as a chart and oral presentation.

Answer:
A riddle is a statement, a question or a phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be followed.
(1) Enigmas – problems generally expressed in metaphorical or allegorical language that require ingenuity and careful thinking for their solution.

(2) Conundra – Questions relying for their effects in punning in either the question or the answer.
I, personally, am very fond of solving riddles for the fact that they nurture creativity and aid in sharpening the analytical skills. I have collected few riddles from the elders of my neighbourhood. As told by them these riddles were passed on from generation to generation by word of math. In the earlier times when people didn’t have the modern gadgets at their disposal for entertainment this ‘fun activity’ of asking riddles from one another, sharing jokes came to their rescue. Unlike today’s time people could be often seen spending quality time in each other’s company engaging themselves in such recreational activities during their leisure time. Many of us must have had the pleasure of learning about such riddles from our grandparents in the comfort of our homes.

Riddle 1:
There were flocks of sparrows sitting on two different trees. One sparrow from one flock said to the other flock perching on the other tree, “if one of you come and join our flock, our number would become same as yours.” In reply a sparrow from the other flock said, “if one of you joins our fock our number would be twice as yours.” How many birds were there in each of the flocks ?
Answer:
There were 5 sparrows in one flock and 7 in the other one.

Riddle 2:
Two Hourglasses : You have two sand hourglasses, one that measures exactly 4 minutes and one that measures exactly 7 minutes. You need to measure out exactly 2 minutes to boil an egg. Using only these two hourglasses, how can you measure out exactly 2 minutes to boil your egg ?
Answer:
Flip over both hourglasses at the same time. After 4 minutes, the 4-minute hourglass will be done, and there will be 3 minutes left in the 7-minute hourglass. Immediately flip the 4-minute hourglass over again. After 3 more minutes, the 7-minute hourglass will be done, and there will be exactly 1 minute left in the 4-minute hourglass. Immediately flip the 7-minute hourglass over again. After 1 more minute, the 4-minute hourglass will be done again, and there will be exactly 6 minutes left in the 7- minute hourglass. Immediately flip over the 4-minute hourglass. After 4 more minutes, the 4-minute hourglass will be done again, and there will be exactly 2 minutes left in the 7-minute hourglass. At this point, put your egg in the boiling water. When the 7- minute hourglass is done, it will have been exactly 2 more minutes, and your egg will have boiled just right.

Riddle 3:
I have two rectangular wires.
Both of them have property that when I light the fire from one end, it will take 60 minutes to get completely burn.
However they do not burn at consistent speed (i.e., it might be possible 1st 20% burn in 50 minutes and 80% can burn in 10 minutes).
So how could I measure 45 minutes?
Answer:
Steps : (A) burn 1st wire from both end and 2nd wire from one end
(B) After 30 minutes (when 1st wire gets completely burned out), burn the second wire from 2nd end as well
(C) when 2nd run completely gets burned, you know its 45 minutes.

Riddle 4:
You have a 12 liters jug full of water. You have two empty 8 liters and 5 liters jug. Now can you divide the water into two equal parts using these jugs?
Answer:

Riddle 5:
12th Floor Elevator: A man lives on the twelfth floor of an apartment building. Every morning he takes the elevator down to the lobby and leaves the building. In the evening, he gets into the elevator, and, if there is someone else in the elevator or if it was raining that day, he goes back to his floor directly. Otherwise, he goes to the tenth floor and walks up two flights of stairs to his apartment that is on the twelfth floor. Why?
Answer:
The man is a dwarf. He can’t reach the upper elevator buttons, but he can ask people to push them for him. If it is raining, he pushes the buttons with his umbrella.

Riddle 6:
There was a man who was born before his father, killed his mother, and married his sister. Yet, there was nothing wrong with what he had done. Why?
Answer:
His father was in front of him when he was born, therefore he was born before him. His mother died while giving birth to him. Finally, he grew up to be a minister and married his sister at her ceremony.

Riddle 7:
Alexander is stranded on an island covered in forest. One day, when the wind is blowing from the west, lightning strikes the west end of the island and sets fire to the forest. The fire is very violent, burning everything in its path, and without intervention the fire will burn the whole island, killing the man in the process. There are cliffs around the island, so he cannot jump off. How can Alexander survive the fire? (There are no buckets or any other means to put out the fire)
Answer:
Alexander picks up a piece of wood and lights it from the fire on the west end of the island. He then quickly carries it near the east end of he island and starts a new fire. The wind will cause that fire to burn out the eastern end and he can then shelter in the burnt area.

Riddle 8:
A man is discovered dead sitting at his desk, alone in the locked office. He did not commit suicide and there were no weapons in the room. The only clue is a sealed envelope on the desk in front of him.
How did he die ?
Answer:
The envelope glue was poisoned and when the man licked the envelope to seal it, he died.

Riddle 9:
In the backyard, there is a hollow stump that carries six ears of corn. If a healthy squirrel carries out only three ears each day, how many days will it take to empty the stump?
Answer:
Six days. Each day the squirrel will carry out the two ears on his head plus one ear of com.

Riddle 10:
Who makes it, has no need of it. Who buys it, has no use for it. Who uses it can neither see nor feel it. What is it?
Answer:
Coffin.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions Unit 2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

Let’s Begin:

Question 1.
You have read the story about Nelson Mandela in your textbook, First Flight, and the struggle of the people of South Africa. Mandela draws our attention to the meaning and importance of freedom and leading a life with freedom.
He states that freedom comes with responsibilities. Discuss with your peers, how freedom and responsibilities go hand in hand.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that freedom and responsibilities go hand in hand. One cannot exist without the other. Freedom, in real sense, is the state of existence when an individual is free to exercise his choices, to make his own decisions without seeking the approval or denial of others in any matter whatsoever. It is when a person can work in harmony with its environment without any constraints and boundations. Freedom is said to be achieved and felt when you are imbued with the power to disallow others to impose their opinions and choices upon you. But like it is said nothing comes for free and everything comes at a price.

Freedom is no exception. It is an established fact that every individual desires freedom for a peaceful existence but only very few are willing to make efforts towards its achievement. If a person wants to gain freedom he must be willing to assume responsibilities for his actions and decisions. All the sufferings, pains, disappointments which bind a person to a state of unhappiness can only be dispelled if a person is determined to take an action with utmost responsibility and be equally willing to accept the outcomes, whether good or bad. Then only he can continually improve himself and meet success in the long run. He must take responsibility to fight for everything and anything that he wants or doesnot want. Only then he can enjoy a life full of peace and contentment which accords freedom in its true sense. He can thus free himself from the disgusting feeling of imprisonment and being enslaved.

Reading Comprehension:

Text – I
Given below is a speech by Sardar Patel, one of the prominent figures of India’s freedom struggle. This is one of the convocation speeches delivered by him. Read the speech and answer the questions that follow.
Sardar Patel’s Call to Youth to build
Character and be Disciplined
I must thank you for the affectionate and warm welcome which you have extended to me and for the love and regard which you have shown to me by conferring this honour to me. Gifts are of many kinds those achieved by one’s own endeavour are good and deserved, but no gift should be conferred on one whose worthiness has not been tested. By selecting me without assuring yourself of my fitness for the gift, you have laid me under a heavy debt and, by your injunctions that I should continue to prove worthy of it throughout my life, you have imposed on me a very difficult obligation. At present, I cannot say anything because I am bound by your love and affection; and, therefore, with your blessing and God’s grace, I pray that I may prove worthy of it. Should I fail, the blame for my failure will be shared by you as well.

On this occasion, I wish to place before you a few thoughts which occur to my mind as incidental to our hard-won freedom. We have now won our freedom. But just as I am doubtful, if I deserved the honour that you have done me, you have also to think whether you have done everything to deserve freedom that you have attained after such a bitter and sustained struggle.

There are people who think that having won freedom, there is nothing more to do about it. Freedom has come to us through sacrifices. Those who made sacrifices tasted the fruit of their efforts and self-denials, but it is for those who are now enjoying freedom to taste its fruit. After the last World War, there is an all-round deterioration in human standards. People have become self-centered. They have forgotten or ignored the wider interests of the country. The essential and noteworthy features of our struggle were: sacrifice, truth, and non-violence.

The weapons of the World War were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves. As a result of the churning of the ocean, the world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. The countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do the same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained everything have really attained nothing! The freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated. The foundations of freedom have to be well and truly laid! This one-year old child has to be nursed and nourished, instructed and strengthened. It is for us to do it and we must do it.

In India today, there is no time for useless controversies and unnecessary debates and disputes. One can indulge in these pastimes when one has time and leisure. At present, we have to occupy ourselves with the all absorbing task of making the foundation of our freedom strong and unassailable. We have to reflect on our place in this broken and destructed worldand what our duty and obligations are! If we fail to make the best use of our freedom to make it worthwhile and turn it to our advantage and advancements, future generations will heap curses on us. They will say that a spiritualist, a great soul gave us this precious boon, but we did not know how to retain it and lost it.

I should like to urge upon those who train citizens of tomorrow and to those citizens of tomorrow that we have yet to stand on our feet. We must concentrate on one thing alone, viz., how to make our country strong and united. We can make it strong when hearts are pure and when we fully appreciate our duty. Now that foreign rulers have gone, are we in a position to sustain the whole burden that has devolved on us ? When we took over from them, the administrative fabric was in tatters. We have to mend and place it. This, in itself, is a heavy responsibility. It is for our universities to train young men to shoulder these responsibilities.

The great university of life is full of experiences, but to make full use of those experiences, all of us students, teachers and professors – have to be cautious and on guard. The most essential requisite is character. If your character is lacking and you leave the precincts of the alma mater without your character fully developed, you will be wasting an opportunity of a lifetime.

You have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nations. The leadership of Asia would be hers if she conducts herself well and if her citizens make their fitting contribution to nation’s resurgence. Whatever trials and troubles we might have passed through, there is no denying the fact that we have a precious inheritance and the teachings we have received from the departed leaders are great assets for us.

India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower. They are awaiting full use. That task must devolve on young men and women. We ourselves were trained in the school of experience. We fought for freedom and we have attained that prize for you. It is now up to you to prove yourself worthy of the same. This you can do only if you work with single- minded devotion to the cause of the country. It is only then that you can deserve this freedom and be proud of it.

The real danger of India lies in our disunity. That poison of communalism was spread in the past. You should draw a curtain over it. Only then could we equip ourselves for the freedom that has come to us.

There are still people in the country whose loyalty to India has not settled down. They should and will leave India. This is the occasion for mutual help and mutual cooperation. We must know what our duty is as true citizens. Your teacher has to impart that duty. Unless we learn to shoulder our responsibility in the true spirit of discipline and citizenship we cannot go ahead. We must strengthen our shoulders and our legs so that we can stand erect and bear the burden that has devolved on us. Then alone would we secure the real objective of freedom.
(Source: The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Volume XIII [1 January 1948 – 31 December 1948], Editor: P.N. Chopra, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi)

Complete the sentences given below by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase.

Question 1.
The occasion of the speech of Sardar Patel here is ____________.
(а) an address to a public gathering
(b) a convocation address at a university
(c) a speech in Indian Parliament
(d) a speech delivered to civil servants
Answer:
(b) a convocation address at a university

Question 2.
Patel feels that future generations will heap curses on us if ____________.
(а) we fail to protect our freedom
(b) we fail to protect the corrupt people in public life
(c) we wage war against other nations
(d) we understand the need for peace
Answer:
(а) we fail to protect our freedom

Question 3.
The first and foremost thing Patel stressed to be done is ____________.
(a) to make the country strong and united
(b) to give employment to everyone
(c) to fight a war against those who oppressed us
(d) to make every citizen feel happy
Answer:
(a) to make the country strong and united

Question 4.
One major characteristic of university education, as Sardar Patel believes, is ____________.
(a) character
(b) duty
(c) knowledge
(d) power
Answer:
(a) character

Question 5.
What did Patel not mean when he said, “You have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nations” ? Tick the right answer.
(a) Friendly and cordial relationship with other nations
(b) Group of nations which wage war against other
(c) Community of people
(d) Nations from a continent
Answer:
(b) Group of nations which wage war against other

Question 6.
‘India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower’ means ____________.
(a) India has a vibrant economy
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource
(c) India’s lack of manpower
(d) Indians are great resource for development
Answer:
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource

Question 7.
What is the greatest danger for India as Patel believes in his speech?
(a) Climate in India is not suitable for hard work.
(b) Disunity and communalism among the citizens are the greatest danger for India.
(c) India’s lack of manpower.
(d) Indians lack in intelligence quotient.
Answer:
(b) Disunity and communalism among the citizens are the greatest danger for India.

Question 8.
Complete the following statement based on your understanding of Patel’s speech.
Answer:
The first and foremost duty of the young nation is to make the foundation of nation’s freedom strong and unassailable, to make the country strong and united by assuming responsibilities and performing duties sincerely.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Use the following words and phrases in your own sentences.
Answer:

• Precincts : The beautiful memories of the time that I spent with my close friends in the precincts of my college filled me with nostalgia.
• Comity of nations : With its resourceful manpower and ongoing technological advancements, India enjoys a great reputation amongst the technologically sound comity of nations.
• Unassailable : At a recent match played between the top notch Tennis players, Rafael Nadal was unassailable with his power packed performance.
• Mutual cooperation : In all spheres of life we need mutual cooperation from our fellow citizens to ensure harmonous and peaceful co-existence.

Question 2.
Sardar Patel called upon young students to understand the meaning of freedom and ways to sustain it. Here are two key words which he stressed upon-‘Freedom’ and ‘Responsibility’. Working in pairs, find words and phrases which convey the feeling of these words and write below.
Answer:

Freedom	Responsibility
(1) liberty	(1) Authority
(2) emancipation	(2) self-importance
(3) Rights	(3) obligation
(4) discharge of duties	(4) Power
(5) deliverance	(5) duty
(6) entitlement to	(6) answerable
(7) non-confinement	(7) Autonomy

You may have written above at least seven to eight words for each key word. Using the words. Write at least five sentences describing ‘Freedom’ and ‘Responsibility’. One has been done for you.
Example : Freedom is not free.
Answer:
Sentences:
(1) We as aware and responsible individuals of a nation must exercise our rights, at the same time must fulfill our duties towards it.
(2) Our great freedom fighters demonstrated utmost bravery and put in great deal of efforts for the emancipation of the nation from the oppression of the Britishers.
(3) When we assume responsibility for our actions and deeds, we automatically become answerable for the outcomes of our actions.
(4) Clinching the much coveted title of ‘best batsman’ in the world cup was a matter of pride and self-importance for Mark Waugh.
(5) It is the duty of every citizen of the nation to protect its nation against foreign invasion and external threats and be willing to extend help at the time of need.

Grammar:

Use of Articles:

Question 1.
You have come across the use of articles ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’ in the lesson. The tasks in the textbook give you the idea that the use of ‘the’ with proper noun carries a special meaning. Read the following paragraph from the speech you have read above. The articles are missing in the paragraph. With the help of your partner, fill in the blanks.
_________ weapons of world war were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves. As _________ result of _________ churning of the ocean, _________ world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do _________ same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained-
everything, have really attained nothing! _________ freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated.
Answer:
The; the: a; the: the: The: the; The.

Question 2.
Which article most frequently occurs in the passage? Why is it so? Can you replace it with some other article? Why / Why not? Discuss with your peers and make notes.
Answer:
The article that occurs most frequently in the passage is ‘The’. No, we cannot replace it with some other article. This is because we ought to use the definite article ‘The’ in case of proper nouns, the things which have previously been mentioned and discussed in the textual matter.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.
(a) boy and girl were shopping in a market. boy was from Kerala and girl was from Nagaland.
(b) Can you turn off light?
(c) He has taken taxi to station.
(d) Is there police station nearby?
(e) My sister works in bank.
(f) He has been looking for job for the last seven years.
(g) Would you like to eat apple?
(h) He goes to the theatre once month.
(i) This morning I bought _________ newspaper and magazine. _________ newspaper is on my table and I forgot where I have placed _________ magazine.
(j) We would like to have dinner at _________ good restaurant.

Editing:

Question 1.
The following passage has an error in each line. Find the error and write the correct word or words against the line.
I don’t mean that some peoples are
born clear headed _________
and is therefore natural writers,
whereas others _________
are naturally fuzzy and will never
wrote well. _________
Thinking clearly was a conscious act
that writers _________
must forced on themselves, as if they
were working
on any other project that requires
logic: makes _________
shopping list or doing an algebra problems. _________
Good writing do not come naturally, _________
though most people seems to think it does. _________
Professional writer are constantly
bearded by _________
people who say they’d like to “trying a little _________
writing sometime” – meaned when they _________
retire from their real profession. _________
Answer:
Incorrect word:

• peoples
• is
• wrote
• was
• forced
• makes
• problems
• do not
• seems
• writer
• trying
• meaned
• profession

Correct word:

• people
• are
• write
• is
• force
• making
• problem
• does not
• seem
• writers
• try
• means
• professions

Listening:

Question 1.
Your teacher or any one student will read out the text given below to the whole class. Listen carefully. Working in groups of four, note down in short the important points as you listen. Discuss in your group. Recreate and write the text you have listened to. You need not write the exact text, but the meaning should be nearest to the actual text read out to you. Your teacher will read out the text again for all the groups so that you can check whether you have understood the text well.
Text for listening:
A few minutes ago, walking back from lunch, I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn’t much but, as I turned my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning too. A woman had dropped what appeared to be a one rupee coin. The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on the pavement grabs attention. Whatever be the value of the coin no one can ignore the sound of it. It got me thinking about sounds again.
Answer:
It was only a few minutes ago. While walking back from lunch, I happened to cross the street. I heard a faint sound of a coin dropping. As I turned back to take a look at what that was, I noticed the sound gamering several eyeballs at the very moment. It was the sound of, possibly, a one rupee coin accidentally dropped by a woman. It made me wonder, no matter what the value of the coin is, the tinkling sound emanating from its fall on a pavement invariably invites attention. Soon I realised I was in deep contemplation about the various kinds of sounds.

Speaking:

Question 1.
You have read the speeches of Nelson Mandela and Sardar Patel. You know their beliefs and ideas on freedom and responsibilities for a new born nation. Discuss with your partner and put down your ideas on what freedom means to you. Prepare an outline.
Answer:
Freedom to me is a feeling of inner peace and contentment in life. It means liberation from all kinds of anxieties, worries and sufferings. According to me freedom lies in self-empowerment and autonomy. It is when you are free to make independent decisions and are not forced to work or act on the commands of others. In a nutshell freedom must bring forth the power for self-expression and self-realization. It must contribute towards the attainment of one’s true purpose in life.

Question 2.
Prepare a speech for the morning assembly reflecting on the following questions.
(а) How do you feel today about the country’s freedom?
(b) Are we free and independent?
(c) Are we serious about our responsibilities as citizens?
Answer:
Respected teachers and my dear friends. Honorable principal madam:
Today, I have got the privilege to share my views with all of you on the topic of freedom and its significance in our lives. As we all are aware that the indepth and thorough struggles of the great freedom fighters of our nation made it possible for all of us to live and enjoy our lives freely as part of an independent nation. Our great leaders fought against all odds and discrimination meted out to our countrymen by the britishers. But if we think deeply can we truly say that we live in a free and independent nation.

Are we really free and independent in our lives? The answer is, many of us may not be living our lives in complete freedom. We are still dissatisfied with our lives and want to change its various aspects according to our own wishes and likes. The reason for such a state of affairs is that although each one of us want to enjoy freedom but not all are willing to assume our responsibilities towards each other and towards nation at large. The nation and its citizens might have gained freedom from the British oppression but as far as their personal lives are concerned they are still not completely free. They are still the victims of all kinds of social ills that has infested the country and its countrymen. It is only after we carry out our responsibilities in our lives in an earnest way, we can enjoy full freedom in true sense.
Thank you!

Writing:

Question 1.
Make pairs. One of you takes the role of Nelson Mandela and the other becomes the interviewer.
(a) The interviewer prepares a questionnaire on Nelson Mandela-Mandela as a person and his contributions to the removal of Apartheid.
(b) The interviewee responds to them. The interviewer’s task is to note down the answers also,
(c) The interviewer, through the questions, tries to get an overview of Mandela’s life.
Answer:
For interviewer Questions to be framed For interviewee Answers by the Interviewee
1. What was the first source of inspiration for you that propelled you to contribute towards the freedom struggle for Independence?
Answer:
Having heard the elder’s stories of my ancestors’ valour during wars of resistance, I dreamt of making my own contribution to the freedom struggle of my people.

2. How many years of imprisonment you had to face before you could negotiate the end of apartheid?
Answer:
It was only after 27 years of imprisonment when I was finally released in 1990 and could negotiate the end of apartheid.

3. Do you have any regrets in life about not being able to do something that you wanted to?
Answer:
I feel that lam simply the sum of all those African patriots who has gone before me. I wish I was able to thank them for their sacrifices.

4. What transformed you as a person and pushed you to fight against the ill of apartheid prevalant in your nation?
Answer:
It was my desire for the freedom of my people to live their lives with dignity and self-respect that animated my life and transformed a frightened young man to a bold one.

5. What consequences you had to face for joining the national campaign with Maulvi Cachalia?
Answer:
I was charged under the suppression of Communism Act and was sentenced to nine months of hard labour, suspended for 2 years.

Question 2.
Make groups of four and find out the background information on Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. All three of them fought against all odds and used non-violence to achieve their aim. Choose any two of the above stated leaders and do a comparative study of their principles and lives.
Answer:
Leader 1:
Mahatma Gandhi:

• He made tremendous contribution to the freedom struggle of India.
• He posed to be an integrationalist but in reality he was a Hindu theocrat and civilizationist.
• His utmost endeavour was to infuse hinduism and restore Hindu authority in India.
• He struggled against the racial discrimination in South Africa and in India naming the struggle Satyagraha.
• He believed that in Satyagraha physical action or reaction is not allowed even in favourable situation. His political ideals were based on philosophy of non-violence because he believed that violence breeds more violence.
• He explained that Truth (Satya) is love and firmness (graha) is a force. Truth and love produce force. Persuasion was preferred to coercion.
• He said truth is the most favourite word of God. He opined that non-violence is the best way to express goodwill. It is a type of coercion that offers opportunities for harmonius relations.
• He led majority against a small and outlandish ruling minority. He was a powerful, practical and competent leader as he was the leader of small, untrained, unorganised and severely depressed minority against a ruling majority.
• Major segments of all minorities living in British India didn’t approve. Gandhi’s role as projected by Hindu scholarship. His ideals and way of protest bred a positive image on all factions.
• Gandhi always consoled muslim verbally but appreciated practically every strife paving way for Hindu Hegemony. Montgomery Bus boycott elevated king’s status to national level. He suffocated all separatist movements.

Leader 2:
Martin Luther King:

• He is acknowledged as a towering personality who successfully launched non-violent struggle against racial discrimination in United States. He was a realist, constitutionalist and integrationist.
• He sought to get the American constitution implemented in real and practical sense.
• After obtaining a doctoral degree he adopted priesthood but soon resigned and joined the struggle against the ongoing injustice with African Americans.
• His political ideals were based on philosophy of non-violence because he believed that violence breeds more violence.
• Persuasion was preferred to coercion.
• He opined that non-violence is the best way to express goodwill. It is a type of coercion that offers opportunities for harmonius relations.
• He was a powerful, practical and competent leader as he was the leader of small, untrained, unorganised and severely depressed minority against a ruling majority.
• His ideals and way of protest bred a positive image on all factions.
• Montgomery Bus boycott elevated king’s status to national level. He suffocated all separatist movements.

Project:

Question 1.
You have learnt about the freedom struggles of many nations after the Second World War and how many leaders spearheaded freedom movements in their countries. Based on the learning from history and political science, write about any two leaders from different nations. The following are prompts that can help you :
(a) Their thoughts
(b) Their uniqueness
(c) Honesty and integrity
(d) Confidence and leadership qualities
(e) Inspirational speeches
(f) Contributions to free their countries
(Hints: You may develop their profiles in chronological order. You may visit the library. Consult social science teachers in your school and elders in your neighbourhood.)
Answer:
(1) Subhash Chandra Bose : As far as the history of India’s Independence struggle against the British is concerned Subhash Chandra Bose remains a key figure. Bose, also known affectionately as Netaji, became part of the Indian struggle for Independence when he joined the Civil Disobedience Movement that was being led by Mahatma Gandhi. Later on, he also became an active member of INC. In 1938 and 1939, he was also chosen as the party president.

He was held under house arrest by the British because he had been opposing their rule. However, he left the country secretly in 1941 and travelled westwards through Afghanistan to Europe where he sought assistance in his struggle against the British from Russians and Germans. He visited Japan in 1943 where the royal administration said yes to his appeal for help. It was here that he formed the Indian National Army with Indian war prisoners who had served with the British Indian army.

Apart from the fact that he tried to be different, much like the revolutionary extremist freedom fighters of the day, and kept up the spirit of fiery leadership in that critical period of India’s history, there are also several other ways in which he made his own contribution to his motherland’s freedom struggle. The assault by the INA, no matter how short-lived it was, was an important factor that eventually contributed to the British decision to stop their operations and shift back to their own land. This in the end did pave the way for India’s Independence.

Bose advocated complete unconditional Independence for India, whereas All-India Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through dominion status. He was a militant Nationalist. He supported empowerment of women, secularism and other liberal ideas. His most famous quote was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”.

(2) Kwame NKrumah : He was a Ghanain politician and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957. An influential advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity.

After 12 years abroad pursuing higher education, developing his political philosophy and organising with other Pan-Africanists, he returned to Gold Cost to begin his political career as an advocate of national independence.

His administration was both nationalist and socialist. Thus, it funded national industrial and energy projects, developed strong national education systems and promoted a national and Pan-African culture.

He got immersed into the African-American liberation struggle, met Martin Luther King Jr. while in the US. While studying in Great Britain, he crossed paths with many fellow Africans struggling for Independence, the likes of Kenya’s Jomo Kenyatta, Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie. His famous remarks were – “We face neither East nor West: we face forward.” “Revolutions are brought about by men, by men who think as men of action and act as men of thought.” He played a key role in creating the organisation of African Unity.

Words and Expressions Class 10 Solutions