Category: Social

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods

1. You have probably noticed that people in Kalpattu are engaged in a variety of non­farm work. List five of these.
Ans:

1. Making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks bullock-carts, etc.
2. Teaching
3. Washing clothes
4. Weaving
5. Repairing cycle.

2. List the different types of people you read about in Kalpattu who depend on farming. Who is the poorest among them and why?
Ans: These people are Thulasi, Sekar and Ramalingam.
Thulasi is the poorest among them. It is because she has no land of her own. She works on Ramalingam’s field and earns Rs. 40 per day. Although she is not satisfied with her wages, yet she continues her work in Ramalingam’s field because of the fact that she can depend on him.

3. Imagine you are a member of a fishing family and you are discussing whether to take a loan from the bank for an engine. What would you say?
Ans: I would say that it is better to take a loan from bank for this purpose than to go to a moneylender. Money lenders usually charge high rate of interest which pushes the borrowers in great hardships.

4. Poor rural labourers like Thulasi often do not have access to good medical facilities, good schools, and other resources. You have read about inequality in the first unit of this text. The difference between her and Ramalingam is one of inequality. Do you think this is a fair situation? What do you think can be done? Discuss in class.
Ans: No, this is not a fair situation. There should be a ceiling of land. It will help everyone to have some land where one can earn one’s livelihood. Opportunity should be equal for all. Primary education should be made compulsory. Efforts should be made to promote education among the poor. It will help them know their rights and other awareness.

5. What do you think the government can do to help fanners like Sekar when they get into debt? Discuss.
Ans: Government can provide assistance to farmers like Sekar. Interest-free loan or loan at the lowest rate can help him. Seeds, fertilizers and pesticides can also be provided to him on subsidised rate.

6. Compare the situation of Sekar and Ramalingam by filling out the following table:

	Sekar	Ramalingam
Land cultivated
Labour required
Loans required
Selling of harvest
Other work done by them

Ans.

	Sekar	Ramalingam ,
Land cultivated	Two acres.	Twenty acres.
Labour required	No labour required.	He hires labour.
Loans required	He requires loan for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. He takes loan from the trader.	He takes loans from govt, bank for establishing a rice mill.
Selling of harvest	He sells a few bags of paddy to pay back the loan.
Other work done by them	He has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local milk cooperatives.	He owns a rice mill and a shop selling seeds, pesti­cides etc.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) Ramalingam has …………
(a) Thirty acres of land
(b) Twenty  acres of land
(c) Ten acres of land
(c) Five  acres of land

(ii) Thulasi earns ………..
(a) Rs. 40 per day
(b) Rs. 60 per day
(c) Rs. 70 per day
(d) Rs. 100 per day

(iii) Thulasi sold her cow to ………
(a) Purchase jewellery
(b) Pay the instalment of the loan that she took from bank
(c) Pay the fees of her daughter
(d) Pay back the money she borrowed from Ramalingam.

(iv) The percentage of large farmers in India is …………..
(a) 80
(b) 20
(c) 10
(d) 5

(v) Which one is not a farming activity?
(a) Ploughing                                   (b)    Harvesting
(c) Basket making                            (d)   Weeding.

Answer:
(i) – (b), (ii) – (a), (iii) – (c), (iv) – (b), (v) – (c).

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. The people of Chizami village do …………………………………………..  farming.
2. Nearly …….  of all rural families are agricultural labourers in India.
3. Sekar has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local ………………
4. In some villages in central India, both farming and ………………..  from forest are important sources of livelihood.
5. The people of Pudupet village earn their living by………………

Answer:

1. terrace
2. two fifth
3. milk cooperative
4. collection
5. fishing

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. Ramalingam is a big farmer having twenty acres of land.
2. Sekar takes loan from Thulasi and buys seeds and fertilizers.
3. In coastal areas we find fishing villages.
4. In India 60 percent farmers are small Farmers.
5. Sekar takes help of other small farmers at the time of harvesting.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Ans: (i)—(c), (ii)—(f), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(b), (v)-(a),(vi)-d

V.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the main crop of Kalpattu village?
Ans: The main crop of Kalpattu village is paddy.

2. How is Ramalingam different from others according to Thulasi?
Ans: Unlike others, Ramalingam does not go looking for cheaper labour from other villages. Whenever there is work, he calls Thulasi.

3. What does Thulasi’s husband do when he finds no work on the farm?
Ans: In such situation he finds work outside either loading sand from the river or stone from the quarry nearby.

4. Why did Thulasi borrow from Ramalingam?
Ans: She did so for her daughter’s treatment.

5. How did she pay back the loan to Ramalingam.
Ans: She paid back her loan to Ramalingam by selling her cow.

6 Name some other activities which poor families in rural areas often do for the household apart from farming.  [V. Imp.]
Ans: Collecting firewood, getting water and grazing cattle.

7. Why do people migrate? [V. Imp.]
Ans: People migrate from rural to urban areas to find job.                           .

8. How much land does Sekar own?
Ans: Sekar owns two acres of land.

9. How does he pay back the loan to trader?
Ans: He pays back the loan to trader by selling his paddy to him at a lower price.

10. Why does Sekar need to earn some extra money?
Ans: Whatever he produces last only eight months. So, he needs to earn some extra money.

11. What work does Sekar do at Ramalingam’s rice mill?
Ans: He helps Ramalingam collect paddy from other farmers in the neighbouring villager.

12. Why do farmers like Sekar need to borrow money?
Ans: They need to borrow money to purchase basic things like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.

13. Why do fishermen go far into the sea?
Ans: They go far into the sea to get a better catch.

14. During which period do fish breed?
Ans: They breed during the monsoon.

15. How do fishermen manage during the monsoon period?
Ans: During the monsoon period fishermen survive by borrowing from the trader.

VI.SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe different types of work that Sekar do for a living.                                 [Imp.]
Ans: Sekar is a small farmer having only two acres of land. He grows paddy in his field with the help of his family members. He also works in Ramalingam’s rice milk. He helps him collect paddy from other farmers is the neighbouring villages. He also has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local milk cooperative.

2. List the three situations in which crops can be ruined.                                    [V. Imp.]
Ans: The three situations in which crops can be ruined are :

• If the seeds are not of good quality.
• If pests attack the crop.
• If the monsoon does not bring enough rain.

3. Write a brief note on the lifestyle of the people of Chizami.
Ans: Chizami is a village in Phek district in Nagaland. The people of this village do terrace farming. They have their own individual fields. But, they also work collectively in each other’s fields. They form groups of six or eight and take an entire mountain side to clean the needs on it. Each group eats together once their work for the day is over.

VII.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write a short note on the lives of fishing families. [V. Imp.]
Ans: Fishing families usually live close to the sea. Their lives revolve around the sea and fish. One can find rows of catamarans and nets lying around their houses. Their day usually starts from 7 O’clock in the morning. This is the time when there is a lot of activity on the beach. After catching fish the fishermen return with their catamarans. Women then gather to buy and sell fish. They do not go to the sea for at least four months during the monsoon because this is when the fish breed.

During these months they survive by borrowing from the trader. And thus, they are forced to sell the fish to that trader later on.The lives of fisherfolk are full of risks. Whenever there is a storm, they have to suffer a lot. In 2004, the tsunami hit them badly. They were the worst sufferers.

2. What different activities are done by the people of Kalpattu village?
Ans: Kalpattu is coastal village in Tamil Nadu. As the village is surrounded by low hills, paddy is the main crop here. Most of the families earn a living through agriculture. Besides agriculture, people do many non-farm activities such as making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks, bullock carts, etc. The village has no dearth of service providers like blacksmiths, nurses, teachers, washermen, weavers, barbers, cycle repair mechanics and so on.

One can find here shopkeepers and traders too. There is a bazaar where a variety of small shops such as tea shops, grocery shops, a tailor, seed shop etc. can be found. There are some coconut groves around the village. A group of people earn their living by working in mango orchards. In the village, there are small farmers as well as big farmers. There are landless labourers too who work in other’s field.

3. Under which circumstances poor farmers find themselves unable to pay back their loans? What happens after that?
Ans: Poor farmers are bound to take loans for agriculture purpose. Sometimes they successfully pay back the loans but there are also moments when they fail to do that in time because of crop failure. This is a very tough time for them. For the family to survive, they have to borrow more money. Soon the loan becomes so large that no matter what they earn, they are unable to repay. This is when we can say they are caught in debt. Whenever this situation occurs, farmers become helpless. Their helplessness to repay the loan sometimes compel them to commit suicide.

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishHindiSanskritRD Sharma

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science History Chapter 2 On The Trial of the Earliest People

1. Complete the sentences:

1. Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because
2. Grasslands developed around……….. years ago.
3. Early people painted on the……… of caves.
4. In Hunsgi, tools were made of……….

Answer:

1. they wanted to protect themselves from wild animals and bad weather.
2. 12,000
3. walls
4. limestone

2. Look at the present-day political map of the subcontinent on page 136 of the textbook. Find out the states where Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, and Kumool are located. Would Tushar’s train have passed near any of these sites?
Answer: Bhimbetka — Madhya Pradesh
Hunsgi — Karnataka
Kumool — Andhra Pradesh
Tushar’s train would have passed near Bhimbetka, Hunsgi and Kumool, since they all lie on the possible train route from Delhi to Chennai.

3. Why did the hunter-gatherers travel from place to place? In what ways are these similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today?
Answer:  Hunter-gatherers travelled from place to place for four basic reasons which are as follows: (also see flow-learning).

• If they stayed at one place for a long time, they would have eaten up all the available plant and animal resources. Therefore, they went to another place for more food.
• Animals move from place to place. Humans followed them as they hunted them.
• Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. So when season changed, people moved to another place.
• In search of water, people travelled from place to place. Water is necessary for survival.

However, nowadays we travel for different purposes, like:

1. Education. We travel to schools.
2. Work. We travel to work.
3. Business. People travel from place to place for business purposes.
4. Entertainment. We travel from one place to another to amuse and entertain ourselves, like going to a circus, a zoo or sightseeing.

4. What tools would you use today for cutting fruit? What would they be made of?
Answer:  Today, for cutting fruit, we would use modem tools like knives, which are made of iron or steel.

5. List three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire. Would you use fire for any of these purposes today?                                                                              ,
Answer: 

(a)

1. Hunter-gatherers used fire as a source of light.
2. They used fire to cook meat or food.
3. They used fire to scare away animals also.
4. Fire keeps him or her warm.

(b) Yes, fire is used as a source to cook food including meat. We also use it to keep us warm. Some people use it for religious purposes and bum their dead bodies.

6. Make two columns in your notebook. In the left hand column, list the foods hunter-gatherers ate. In the right hand column, list some of the foods you eat. Do you notice any similarities/differences.
Answer: 

Differences between the two eating habits: Today, we largely eat processed and cooked food, whereas the early people did not cook their food. They ate everything raw.

7. If you had a natural pebble-like the ones shown on page 13 in the textbook, what would you use it for?
Answer:

1. I would have used some of these stone tools to cut meat and bone, scrape bark (from trees) and hides (animal skins), chop fruit, and roots.
2. Some may have been attached to handles of bone or wood, to make spears and arrows for hunting.
3. Other stone tools were used to chop wood, which was used as firewood,

8. List two tasks that are performed by both men and women at present. List another two that are performed only by women, and two that are performed only by men. Compare your list with that of any two of your classmates. Do you notice any similarities/differences in your lists?
Answer:  Two tasks that are performed by both men and women:
(a) Teaching                                        (b) office jobs
Two tasks that are performed by only men:
(a) Mining                                            (b) Working in a shipyard
Two tasks that are performed by only women:
(a) Nursing                                          (b) Looking after home and hearth
Compare your lists yourself.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) Traces of ash in the Kumool caves indicate
(a) rearing of animals
(b) use of fire
(c) use of stone tools
(d) use of water.

(ii) Grasslands developed in many areas around
(a) 800 years ago
(b) 2 million years ago
(c) 1,00,000 years ago
(d) 12,000 years ago.

(iii) Tools in Hunsgi were made of
(a) stone
(b) limestone
(c) wood
(d) metal.

(iv) Bhimbetka is located in the present-day
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Kerala.

(v) Grasslands led to an increase in
(a) animals that lived in water
(b) birds
(c) human beings
(d) animals that survive on grass.

Answer:
(i) – (b)
(ii) – (d)
(iii) – (b)
(iv) – (c)
(v) – (d).

II. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. Hunter-gatherers lived around ………….  years ago.
2. The hunter-gatherers moved from place to place on ………….
3. Techniques used for making stone tools were ……… and …………
4. The fire was used as a source of…………..
5. The climate of the world changed to…….. conditions around 12,000 years ago.
6. The Palaeolithic Age was followed by the ……… Age.
7. Tools in Hunsgi were made from ………….  which was available ……….

Answer:

1. two million
2. foot
3. stone on stone, pressure flaking
4. light
5. relatively warm
6. mesolithic
7. limestone, locally.

III. True/False
State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (P’).

1. (i) Some rivers are perennial while others are seasonal.
2. (ii) Tools of wood have survived better than tools of stone.
3. (iii) The sites where hunter-gatherers lived were close to water.
4. (iv) Hunsgi was located in the present-day Madhya Pradesh
5. (v) Man led a well-settled life by Palaeolithic Age.

Answer:

1. (i) – T
2. (ii) – F
3. (iii) – T
4. (iv) – T
5. (v) – F.

IV. Matching Skill

Match the items given in column A correctly with those given in column B.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What did hunter-gatherers do to sustain themselves?
Answer: They hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs, in order to sustain themselves.

2. Why was hunting animals difficult for the people?
Answer: Hunting animals was difficult because there were several animals that ran faster than human beings, many were stronger.

3. What do people need while hunting animals or catching fish and birds?
Answer: People need to be alert, quick and have lots of presence of mind.

4. Collecting plant produce needs a lot of precaution. How?
Answer: One needs to find out which plants or parts of plants are edible, that is, can be eaten, as many can be poisonous. It is also necessary to find out about the seasons when the fruits ripen.

5. What is the difference between perennial and seasonal lakes and rivers?
Answer: Perennial rivers and lakes are those which bear water throughout the year while seasonal rivers and lakes have water only during a particular period, le. rainy season.

6. How was the wood used in the past?
Answer: Wood was used as firewood. It was also used to make huts and tools.

7. What were factory sites?
Answer: Factory sites were places where a stone was found and where people made tools.

8.Where are natural caves and rock shelters found?
Answer: Natural caves and rock shelters are found in the Vindhyas and the Deccan plateau.

9. What suggests that people in the past used fire?
Answer: Traces of ash have been found in the Kumool caves. This suggests that people in the past used fire.

10.Why did earlier people use fire?
Answer: They used fire to make light, to cook meat and to frighten animals.

11. Name any two grain bearing grasses.
Answer: Wheat and barley.

12. What is the special feature of the paintings found in Madhya Pradesh and southern Uttar Pradesh? .
Answer: These paintings show wild animals which have been drawn with great accuracy and skill.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions 

1. How were stone tools used in the past? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Some stone tools were used to cut meat and bone, scrape bark from trees, and hides le. animal skins, chop fruit, and roots. Some were used as handles of bone or wood. Some were used to make spears and arrows for hunting. Other tools were used to cut wood.

2. What do you know about habitation-cum-factory sites?
Answer: Usually, we find blocks of stone, tools that were made and perhaps discarded because they were not perfect, and chips of waste stone left behind at factory sites. Sometimes, people lived here for longer period of time. These sites are called habitation-cum-factory sites.

3. Mention the two techniques that were used to make stone tools.
Answer: The two techniques of making stone tools were:
(i) Stone on stone technique. In this technique, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand. Another stone, which was used as a hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strike off flakes from the first, till the required shape was obtained.

(ii) Pressure flaking. In this technique, the pebble or core was placed on a firm surface. The hammer stone was used on a piece of bone or stone that was placed on the core, to remove flakes that could be shaped into tools.

4. What do you know about the work division among men and women in the ancient past? [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is totally difficult to know about it. However, we can mention atleast two possibilities which are:

• It is likely that both men and women may have done many of the work like hunting, gathering plant produce, etc. together.
• It is also possible that some tasks were done only by women and others only by men. And again, there could have been different practices in different parts of the sub-continent.

VII.Long Answer Type Questions

1. What were the various reasons for hunter-gatherers to move from place to place? Mention in detail
Answer: Hunter-gatherers kept on moving from one place to another for the following reasons:
(i) Staying at one place for a long time would have ended up the availability of plant and animal resources.

(ii)Animals move from place to place—either in search of smaller prey, or, in the case of deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. That is why those who hunted them had to follow their movements.

(iii) Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. Hence, people may have moved from season to season in the hope of getting different kinds of fruits, Plants, animals and plants need water for their survival. While many rivers and lakes are perennial others are seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons, le. winter and summer.

(iv) People may have traveled to meet their kith and kin.

2.What was the impact of the change in the environment around 12,000 years ago?[V. Imp.]
Answer: Major changes in the climate of the world with a shift to relatively warm conditions were noticed around 12,000 years ago. As a result, grasslands developed in many regions. This resulted in an increase in herbivorous animals like deer, antelope, goat, sheep, and cattle. This encouraged people to herd and rear these animals. They also engaged themselves in fishing.

Several grain bearing kinds of grass such as wheat, barley, and rice also grew around this time in different parts of the sub-continent. Men, women, and children began to collect these grains to use them as their food. By the time, they also learned where these grains grew and when they ripened.

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati raj

1. What problem did the villagers in Hardas village face? What did they do to solve this problem?
Ans: The villagers in Hardas village faced the problem of drinking water shortage. They did the following tasks to solve this problem:

• They deepened the two hand pumps.
• They cleaned one well.
• They sought information about the scheme of watershed development from the Block Development Officer.

2. What in your opinion, is the importance of the Gram Sabha? Do you think all members should attend Gram Sabha meetings? Why?
Ans: The Gram Sabha is the most important body of the Panchayati Raj System. It is responsible for planning out the strategies for the development of the village, implementation of the ruling provisions. It also looks after the basic amenities of village people. It is also the custodian of the public property of the village.

Education, law, and order, primary health services are some of the other responsibilities of the Gram Sabha. It also checks the wrong decisions taken by the Gram Panchayat. It keeps an eye on the elected representative and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.

It is important for all members to attend Gram Sabha meetings because it is the only way to participate in the proceedings of various plans discussed in the meetings. The members of Gram Sabha represent different areas. So, it is important for them to put their local problems and development programmes in the meetings. If they remain absent from the meetings, their interests may be overlooked.

3. What is the link between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Ans:

• Gram Sabha works over several Gram Panchayats.
• Gram Panchayats are members of Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha controls and approves the spending of money received from the government.

4. Take an example of anyone task done by a Panchayat in your area/nearby rural area and find out the following :

1. Why it was taken up.
2. Where the money comes from.
3. Whether or not the work has been completed.

Ans:

1. Our Panchayat recently undertook the task of building a community hall. It was necessary because there was no such common place where people could gather at a time. It was difficult to hold a general meeting, organize a general function, etc.
2. The money was collected as a contribution from the villagers and some part of it was also diverted from the Panchayat welfare fund.
3. Yes, the work has been completed within the projected time and it is now in use.

5. What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Ans:

1. Gram Sabha consists of all the adults of a village while Gram Panchayat is elected by the members of the Gram Sabha for a period of five years.
2. The area of Gram Sabha is the entire village whereas Gram Panchayat is divided into wards represented by Ward Councillors.
3. Gram Sabha puts control over Gram Panchayat.

6. Read the following news item:
Nimone is a village on the Chauphula-Shirur Road. Like many others, this village has also been facing a severe water shortage for the last few months and villagers depend on tankers for all their needs. Bhagavan Mahadeo Lad (35) of this village was beaten with sticks, iron rods, and axes by a group of seven men. The incident came to light when some villagers brought a badly injured Lad to the hospital for treatment. In the FIR recorded by the police Lad said that he was attacked when he insisted that the water in the tanker must’be emptied into the storage tanks constructed as part of the water supply scheme by Nlmone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. However, he alleged that the upper caste men were against this and told him that the tanker water was not meant for lower castes.
Adapted, from Indian Express, ‘ May 1, 2004

1. Why was Bhagvan beaten?
2.  Do you think that the above is a case of discrimination? Why?

Ans:

1. There was acute water crisis in Nimone village and the villagers had to depend on tankers for their needs. So, when the tanker came in the village, Bhagvan insisted that the water in the tanker must be emptied into the storage tanks constructed as part of the water supply scheme by Nimone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. But the upper caste men were against this and therefore they beat Bhagvan to suppress his demand.
2. Yes, the above is a case of discrimination, because the upper caste men tries to suppress the genuine demand of the lower castes. They look them down upon and ignore their existence.

 7. Find out more about watershed development and how it benefits an area?
Ans:

• Watershed development helps in conserving water and recharging the groundwater resources.
• Under the watershed development scheme the following tasks are performed:
  • Trees are planted,
  • Check dams and tanks Eire constructed to harvest rainwater.
• An ample quantity of water is available both for drinking and irrigation.
• Barren lands are turned into green meadows.
• Arable land is reclaimed.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The members of the Gram Sabha must be adults. It means they must be of
(a) 18 years or more
(b) 20 years or more
(c) 22 years or more
(d) 25 years.

(ii) The people of Hardas village are facing the problem of…………..
(a) Electricity
(b) Unemployment
(c) Water shortages
(d) None of the above.

(iii)The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the …………..
(a) Members of the Gram Sabha
(b) Zila Parishad
(c) Ward Member
(d) Gram Sabha

(iv) Which one is not the source of funds for the Panchayat?
(a) Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.
(b) Donations for community works etc.
(c) Donations contributed by the villagers for village welfare works
(d) Government scheme funds received through various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.

(v) The Panchayat Raj System is the
(a) First level of democratic government
(b) Second level of democratic government
(c) Third level of democratic government
(d) Fourth level of democratic government.

Answer:
(i) – (c), (ii) – (e), (iii) – (d), (iv) – (c), (v) – (a).

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. The Gram Panchayat is elected for ……… years.
2. The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable to the…………….
3. Every village Panchayat is divided into ……….
4. The people of Hardas village suggested ………  development programme for the permanent solution of their problem.
5. The Gram Panchayat’s main tasle is to implement …………..  programmes for all villages that come under it.

Answer:

1. Five
2. Gram Sabha
3. Wards
4. watershed

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. The Secretary of the Gram Sabha is an elected person.
2. There is no link between the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayat.
3. It is the Gram Sabha that keeps control of the Gram Panchayat.
4. The Gram Panchayat meets regularly in order to perform its task efficiently and within a given time limit.
5. The Gram Panchayat does not collect any local taxes.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Ans: (i)—(d), (ii)—(c), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(a),

I.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who calls the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat? [V. Imp.]
Ans: It is the Secretary who calls the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat.

2. What problems do the women of Hardas village face?
Ans: The women of Hardas village have to go to the Suru River which is 3 km away to fetch water.

3. Why is Tijia in favour of some permanent solution to the problem of water shortages?
Ans: Because groundwater levels seem to be going down every year.

4.What does Anwar suggest?
Ans: Anwar suggests for watershed development programme.

5.What was the next agenda for the Gram Sabha?
Ans: The finalisation of the list of people below the poverty line (BPL).

6. Why is the Nirmal Gram Puruskar awarded and to whom?
Ans: The Nirmal Gram Puruskar is awarded to the village Panch/panchs for the excellent work done by him/them in the Panchayat.

7. What is the Panchayati Reg System?                                                                     [V. Imp.]
Ans: Panchayati Raj System is a process through which people participate in their own government.

8. Why are the Panchs and the Gram Panchayat answerable to Gram Sabha?
Ans: Because the members of the Gram Sabha elect them.

VI. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What various works does a Gram Panchayat do? [V. Imp.]
Ans: A Gram Panchayat does various works. These works include

• The construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage, school buildings, and other common property resources.
• Levying and collecting local taxes.
• Executing government schemes related to generating employment in the village.

2. What are the sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat? [V. Imp.]
Ans: The sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat are:

• Collection of taxes on houses, market places etc.
• Government scheme funds received through various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
• Donations for community works etc.

3. What are the functions of the Zila Parishad?
Ans: The functions of the Zila Parishad Eire :

• It makes developmental plans at the district level.
• With the help of Panchayat Samitis, it also regulates the money distribution among all the Gram Panchayats.

4. Write a brief note on the three levels of Panchayats.                                       [V. Imp.]
Ans: The Panchayati Raj System is a process through which people participate in their own government. The Panchayati Raj System is the first tier or level of democratic government. It extends to two other levels. One is the Block level, which is called the Janpad Panchayat or the Panchayat Samiti. Above the Panchayat Samiti is the District Panchayat or the Zila Parishad.

5. Why do Gram Sabhas in some states from committees?                                        [Imp*]
Ans: In some states, Gram Sabhas from committees like construction and development committees. These committees include some members of the Gram Sabha and some from the Gram Panchayat who work together to carry out specific tasks.

6. Write a short note on the Gram Sabha.
Ans: The Gram Sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat. This could be only one village or a few villages. In some states, a village meeting is held for each village. Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the right to vote is a member of the Gram Sabha.

VII. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

 1. Describe the composition of a Vintage Panchayat.                                          [V. Imp.]
Ans: A Village Panchayat is divided into wards. Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward Member, also called Panch. All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is called Panchayat President. The Ward Panchs and the Sarpanch from the Gram Panchayat. The tenure of the Gram Panchayat is five years.

The Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha have a common Secretary. He is a person whom the government appoints. Thus, he is not an elected person. The Secretary is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. He also keeps records of the proceedings of the meeting.

2. Describe the Functions of the Gram Sabha.                                                     [V. Imp.]
Ans: The Gram Sabha performs various tasks:

• It keeps control of the Gram Panchayat. It makes the Gram Panchayat play its role and be responsible.
• It is the place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed before the people.
• The Gram Sabha prevents the Panchayat from doing wrong things which may include misusing money or favouring certain people.
• It keeps an eye on the elected representatives and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.

NCERT SolutionsMathsScienceSocialEnglishHindiSanskritRD Sharma

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

1.  Answer the following questions briefly.
(a) Name the major physical divisions of India.
(b) India shares its land boundaries with seven countries – Name them.
(c) Which two major rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?
(d) Name the delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra
(e) How many States and Union Territories are there in India? Which states have a common capital?
(f) Why do a large number of people live in the Northern Plains?
(g) Why is Lakshadweep known as a coral island?
Answer:
(a) Major physical divisions of India:

• The Himalayas
• The Northern Great Plains
• The Peninsular Plateau
• The Coastal Plains
• The Islands

(b) Countries sharing land boundaries with India:

• Pakistan
• Afghanistan
• China
• Nepal
• Bhutan
• Myanmar
• Bangladesh

(c) (i) Narmada
(ii) Tapi (Tapti)
(d) Delta formed by Ganga and Brahmaputra: Sunderban.
(e) States: 28, Union Territories: 07.
States of Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh have a common capital at Chandigarh.
(f) Large number of people live in the Northern plains because of the following reasons:

• Fertile land provides facilities for agriculture. It sustains more people.
• Means of transport and communication are developed here. They provide mobility to people.
• Opportunities for employment exist in the plains.
• Water is easily available.
• Industries provide employment (Agro-based industries)

(g) Lakshadweep is a coral island because of the following reasons:

• Climate and seawater is suitable for the growth of polyps.
• Their skeletons pile up and form islands.

2. Tick the correct answer.
(a) The southernmost Himalayas are known as …………….
(i) Shiwaliks
(ii) Himadri
(iii) Himachal.

(b) Sahyadris is also known as …………
(i) Aravali
(ii) the Western Ghats
(iii) Himadri.

(c) The Palk Strait lies between the countries ……………
(i) Sri Lanka and Maldives
(ii) India and Sri Lanka
(iii) India and Maldives.

(d) The Indian islands in the Arabian sea are known as ……………….
(i) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands
(iii) the Maldives

(e) The oldest mountain range in India is the ……………
(i) Aravali hills
(ii) the Western Ghats
(iii) Himalayas

Answer:
(a)—(i), (b)—(ii), (c)—(ii), (d)—(ii), (e)—(i)

3. Fill in the blanks.

1. India has an area of about…………..
2. The Greater Himalayas are also known as……………
3. The largest state in India in terms of area is……………..
4. The river Narmada falls into the……………
5. The latitude that runs almost halfway through India is ……………….

Answer:

1. 3.28 million sq. km
2. Himadri
3. Rajasthan
4. Arabian
5. The Tropic of Cancer.

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:
(i) The USA has …………
(a) Two time zones                            (b) Four time zones
(c) Seven-time zones                          (d) Eight time zones.

(ii) India belongs to the ……………….
(a) Northern Hemisphere                   (b) Southern Hemisphere
(c) Eastern Hemisphere                        (d) Western Hemisphere.

(iii) The island neighbours of India are ……………..
(a) Sri Lanka and Lakshadweep    (b) Sri Lanka and the Maldives
(c) Maldives and Andaman and Nicobar     (d)None of the above.

(iv) Which state is the smallest one in terms of area?
(a) Goa                                                (b) Kerala
(c) Uttarakhand                                 (d) Tripura.

(v) The other name of Middle Himalaya is ……………
(a) Himadri                                        (b) Himachal
(c) Shiwalik                                       (d) Great-Himalaya.

(vi) Which island groups were affected by the Tsunami in 2004?
(a) Lakshadweep                                 (b) Maldives
(c) Andaman and    Nicobar                (d) Both (a) and (c).

Answer:
(i)—(c), (ii)— (a), (iii)—(b), (iv)—(a), (v)—(b), (vi)—(c).

II.Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence:

1. India is the second-most populous country of the world after …………………..
2. The Himalayan mountains are divided into ……………  main parallel ranges.
3. The Great Indian Desert lies to the …………….  part of India.
4. …….  and ……….. are west-flowing rivers that fall into the Arabian Sea.
5. Lakshadweep islands are located in the ………………..
6. The western coastal plains are very……………….

Answer:

1. China
2. three
3. Western
4. Narmada, Tapi
5. the Arabian Sea
6. narrow

III.True/False

State whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. Lakshadweep islands are coral islands.
2. The eastern coastal plains are much broader.
3. The Northern Indian plains lie to the south of the Himalayas.
4. The Bay of Bengal lies east to India.
5. Canada has five time zones.
6. High concentration of population is found in plateaus.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False.

IV.Matching Skill
Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Our Country India Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7  Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is the north-south extent of India?
Answer:  The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km.

2. What is the east-west extent of India?
Answer: The east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km.

3. How does the local time change?   [V. Imp.]
Answer: The local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude,

4. What is the difference between the time of sunrise in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat?
Answer:  The difference between the time of sunrise in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat is two hours.

5. On what basis have the states been formed?
Answer:  The states have been formed on the basis of languages,

6. What does Himalayas mean?
Answer: Himalaya means the abode of snow (Him + alaya).

7. Where are the world’s highest peaks located? [Imp.]
Answer:  The world’s highest peaks are located in the Great Himalayas or Himadri.

8. What is a peninsula?
Answer: A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on all the three sides,

9. Define the term desert.
Answer:  A desert is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land with very little vegetation,

10. Name the two important hill ranges that lie in the peninsula plateau
Answer:  The Vindhyas and the Satpuras.

11. What is called the mouth of the river?
Answer:  The point where rivers enter the sea is called the mouth of the river,

12. What are called polyps?
Answer: Polyps are very small marine animals.

13. What is the difference between the western coastal plains and the eastern coastal plains? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Western coastal plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader.

14. Name the rivers which fall into the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:  Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishana and Kaveri.

Our Country India Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mention the political and administrative divisions of India. [V. Imp.]
Answer: India is a vast country. Hence, for administrative purposes, it is divided into 28 states and 7 Union Territories. Delhi is the capital of India. The formation of states has been made on the basis of languages. Rajasthan is the largest state while Goa is the smallest state in terms of area. These states have been further divided into districts.

2. Write a short note on the coastal plains of India.
Answer:  The coastal plains lie to the West of the Western Ghats and the East of the Eastern Ghats. The Western coastal plains are narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. There are several fast-flowing rivers such as Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These rivers have formed fertile deltas at their mouth.

3. Write a short note on the two groups of islands of India.
Answer:  The two groups of islands are—Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Lakshadweep islands are located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located off the coast of Kerala. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.

4. How are coral islands formed? [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Corals are skeletons of very small marine animals called polyps. When the living polyps die, their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on top of the hard skeleton which grows higher and higher, thus forming the coral islands.

5. What do you know about the boundaries of India? Explain in brief. [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Our country has a vast geographical expanse. In the north, it is bound by the lofty Himalayas. In the west, lies the Arabian Sea, in the east it is bound by the Bay of Bengal and in the south lies the Indian’ Ocean.

6. Describe the geographical extent of India. [V. Imp.]
Answer: India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. Km. The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km. And the east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. The lofty mountains, the Great Indian Desert, the Northern Plains, the uneven plateau surface and the coasts and islands present a diversity of landforms.

7. Describe the locational extent of India. [Imp.]
Answer: India is located in the northern hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30′ N) passes almost halfway through the country. From south to north, mainland of India extends between 8° 4′ N and 37° 6′ N latitudes. From west to east, India extends between 68° 7′ E and 97° 25′ E longitudes. If we divide the world into eastern and western hemisphere, India will belong to eastern hemisphere.

8. Describe the effect of east-west extent of India on time.
Answer:  The west to eats extent leads to difference in local time from meridian to meridian. The local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude. The sun rises two hours earlier in the east, Le. Arunachal Pradesh than in the west, ie. (Gujarat). The local time of longitude of 82° 30′ E has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This longitude is also known as the Standard Meridian of India. Its time is taken as the standard throughout the country.

NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Describe the major physical division of India.  [V. Imp.]
Answer:
India has a diverse physical feature, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, coasts and islands.

1.The Himalayas. The Himalayas stand sentinels in the north. The Himalayas mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri. The world’s highest peaks are located in this range. Middle Himalayas or Himachal lies to the south of Himadri. The Shiwalik is the southernmost range.

2.The Northern Indian Plains. They lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are usually level and flat. These are fertile regions and are suitable for cultivation. Thick population is found here.

3.’ The Great Indian Desert. It lies to the western part of the country. It is a sandy stretch of land. Rainfall is very poor, hence very little vegetation is found here.

4.The Peninsular Plateau. It is triangular in shape. It lies to the south of the northern plains. Its relief is highly uneven. Numerous hill ranges and valleys are found here. Aravali hills lie to the north-west side. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are other important ranges. The Narmada and Tapi flow through these ranges. These west-flowing rivers fall into the Arabian Sea. On the west of the plateau lie the Western Ghats also known as Sahyadris. On the east lie the Eastern Ghats. This plateau is rich in minerals like coal and iron ore.

5. Coastal Plains. They lie to the West of the Western Ghats and East of the Eastern Ghats. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri (all east flowing rivers) fall into the Bay of Bengal. They have formed fertile deltas at their mouth.  <

6.Islands. Two groups of islands are an integral part of the country. Lakshadweep islands are located in the Arabian Sea while Andaman and Nicobar islands lie to the South-east of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal.

VII.Map Skills
1. On an outline map of India, show its neighboring countries.
Answer:

2. On an outline political map of India, show all the states and union territories.
Answer:

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th Social Science Civics Chapter 3 What is Government

1. What do you understand by the word ‘government’? List five ways in which you think the government effects your daily life.

Ans:  By the word, ‘government’ we understand that the organisation which takes decisions and makes laws for the citizens of a country is the government.
The five ways in which the government affects our daily life are:

1. Building roads and schools.
2. Reduction and fixing of prices of essential commodities.
3. Supply of electricity.
4. Preparation and implementation of several programmes to help the poor.
5. Running of postal and railway services.

2. Why do you think the government needs to make rules for everyone in the form of laws?
Ans:
The government needs to make rules for everyone in the form of laws because of the following reasons:

• The government wants to give advantages to the people of the welfare measures to all without discrimination.
• To provide equality and justice to all.
• To maintain peace.
• To administer the country efficiently.

3. Name two essential features of a democratic government.
Ans: Two essential features of a democratic government are :

• Democracy is a rule by the people. It is people who rule themselves by participating in the making of these rules.
• In a democracy people have the power to elect their leaders. These leaders or representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

4. What was the suffrage movement? What did it accomplish?
Ans: The movement for voting rights to women came to be known as the suffrage movement. All over Europe and USA, women and the poor have had to fight for participation in the government. Women’s struggle to vote got strengthened during the first world war. During the War, many men were away fighting and because of this women were called upon to do work that was earlier considered men’s work. Thus, women got the opportunity to show their capability. People as a whole got disillusioned. They began demanding the right to vote for all women. The result was positive. American women got the right to vote in 1920 while women in the UK got the right to vote on the same terms as men some years later, in 1928.

5. Gandhiji strongly believed that every adult in India should be given the right to vote. However, a few people don’t share his views. They feel that illiterate people, who are mainly poor, should not be given the right to vote. What do you think? Do you think this would be a form of discrimination? Give five points to support your view and share these with the class.
Ans. We think that all the people whether illiterate or literate, poor or rich should have the right to vote.
Yes, we think that if the right to vote is denied to illiterate and poor people it would be a form of discrimination.
Five points to support our views:

1. Wealth is not the criterion of good judgment.
2. Illiterate or poor might have a strong character.
3. Government policies affect all.
4. Democracy talks of equality and justice for all.
5. One needs understanding to vote.

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The government also works at the local level. Here local level means
(a) Village
(b) Town
(c) Locality
(d) All the above.

(ii)  The court can intervene if……………..
(a) Any law passed by the government is not followed.
(b) Anyone does not study well.
(c) A child tells a lie
(d) Both (a) and (b).

(iii) American women got the right to vote in the year…………………..
(a) 1928
(b) 1925
(c) 1920
(d) 1919

(iv) The term suffrage means ……………….
(a) Right to vote
(b) Right to go anywhere in the country
(c) Right to livelihood
(d) None of the above.

(v) The two types of government mentioned the chapter are:
(a) Democracy
(b) Monarchy
(c) Dictatorship
(d) (a) and (b).
Answer:
(i) – (d), (ii) – (a), (iii) – (c), (iv) – (a), (v) – (d).

II. FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.

1. The government works at different levels at the local level, at the level of the state and at the ………… level.
2. In a………. the government has to explain its actions and defend its decisions
   to the people.
3. Women in the UK got the right to vote in the year…………………..
4. In India, before Independence, only a small minority was allowed to ………………………
5. …….. are also part of the government.

Answer:

1. national
2. democracy
3. 1928
4. vote
5. Courts.

III. TRUE/FALSE

State whether the following statements are true CD or false (F).

1. Kings and queens get their power from the people they rule.
2. There was a time when the government did not allow women and the poor to participate in elections.
3. It was Gandhiji who demanded that all adults have the right to vote.
4. Men without property have no right to vote in a country like the USA.
5. In India, everyone who is eighteen or above eighteen enjoys the right to vote.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Match the items given in column A correctly with those given in column B.


Ans.(i)—(c), (ii)—(c), (iii)—(e), (iv)—(b), (v)—(a).

V.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Name some institutions that are part of the government.
Ans: The Supreme Court, the Indian Railways, Bharat Petroleum.

2.List any two functions of the government.
Ans: (i)The government protects the boundaries of the country.

(ii)It maintains peaceful relations with other countries.
3. What happens when someone commits a crime?                                   [Imp.]
Ans: He/She finds himself/herself in court in such a situation.

4. Why is there a need to control resources and protect the territory of a country?
Ans: It is important so that people can feel secure.

5. At which three levels does the government work?
Ans:  The government works at the local level, at the state level and at the national level.

6. Under which circumstances a person may approach the court? [V. Imp.]
Ans:  If a person feels that a particular law is not being followed he/she may approach the court.

 7. What does the court do in such a situation?
Ans:  The court gives orders to the government about what should be done.

8. What do you mean by monarchy?
Ans:  Monarchy is a form of government in which the monarch (king or queen) has the power to make decisions and run the government.

9. What do you mean by representative democracies?                                                  [V. Imp.]
Ans:  In representative democracies, people do not participate directly but, instead, choose their representatives through an election process. These representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

 10. What do you mean by universal adult franchise?
Ans:  Universal adult franchise means that all adults in the country are allowed to vote.

 11. What was the unfair practice in Gandhi’s eyes?
Ans:  In pre-independent India, only a small minority was allowed to vote. It is they who determined the fate of the majority. This very practice was seen as an unfair practice by Gandhiji.

12. What did Gandhiji demand?
Ans:  Gandhiji demanded that all adults whether rich or poor, educated or literate have the right to vote.

VI.SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How does the government manage so many different things?                                       [V. Imp.]
Ans: The government has a variety of works to do. To discharge each and every responsibility smoothly, it works at three different levels, at the local level, at the level of the state, and at the national level. The local level means in your village, town or locality. The state-level would mean the entire state and the national level relates to the entire country.

2. How is democracy different from the monarchy?
Ans: Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. In this type of government, people are supreme because it is they who give the government power. The government has to explain its actions and defend its decisions to the people.

In a monarchy, it is the King or queen who has the power to make decisions and run the government. The monarch may have a small group of people to discuss matters with, but the final decision-making power remains with the monarch. Unlike in a democracy, kings and queens do not have to explain their actions or defend the decisions they make.

3. Can you say the earliest forms of government democratic? If not, why?[V. Imp.]
Ans: We can not say the earliest forms of government democratic because these governments did not allow women and the poor to participate in elections. In their earliest forms governments allowed only men who owned property and were educated, to vote. This meant that women, the poor, the property-less, and the uneducated were not allowed to vote. The country was governed by the rules and regulations that these few men made.

VII.LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

 1. What does the government do for the welfare of its citizens? [V. Imp.]
Ans: The government does a variety of works for the welfare of its citizens:

• It makes decisions and gets things done.
• It builds roads and schools.
• It takes decisions about how to reduce the price of essential goods when they get too expensive or ways to increase the supply of electricity.
• It supervises postal and railway services.
• At the time of natural calamities, it organizes aid and assistance for the affected people.
• It makes laws for the safety of its citizens. For example, there is a law that says that all persons driving a two-wheeler must wear a helmet.

2. What was the voting system in India before Independence? What ideas did Gandhiji express in the journal Young India about the voting system?                                                      [Imp.]
Ans: In India, before Independence, only a small minority enjoyed the voting right. This was shocking for Gandhiji. He firmly disapproved this system and advocated for the universal adult franchise which gives all adults the right to vote.

Expressing his ideas in the journal Young India in 1931 Gandhiji said that it is discriminating to deprive poor and illiterate people of voting rights. Snatching the right to vote from a person simply because he is poor or illiterate is in no way justified. A poor or illiterate is also a citizen of the country and he has every right to enjoy all privileges existing in the country. Thus, Gandhiji was very much fair and favoured the system that would provide the equal voting rights to all.

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