Category: English

CBSE Class 7 English Grammar – Adjective

Definition of Adjective
A word which is used with a noun or a pronoun to describe it (description may be of its type, place, number or amount) is known as an Adjective.
Now, look at following sentences.

1.  Ramesh is intelligent.
2.  An intelligent boy won the quiz.

In both sentences, ‘intelligent’ is used to describe the quality of noun so it is adjective in both sentences. On the basis of use in sentence, we can describe it in following two ways

1. In first sentence, ‘intelligent’ is used as a part of predicate, so it is said to be used ‘predicatively’.
2. In second sentence, ‘intelligent’ is used to describe the attribute of noun, so it is said to be used ‘attributively’.
   Note Some adjectives like ‘afraid’, ‘well’ etc can be used only predicatively.

Kinds of Adjective
Adjectives are of following three kinds

1. Adjective of Quantity
2. Adjective of Number (Numeral Adjective)
3. Adjective of Quality
   

Adjective
Adjective of Quantity Adjective of Number Adjective of Quality (Numeral Adjective)
Adjective of Quantity
Adjective of quantity shows how much of anything is described,
e.g.

1.  She has ‘some’ time.
2.  Sheela has ‘little’ patience.

Adjective of Number (Numeral Adjective)

Adjective of number shows how many persons or things are described. It also shows the order of any person or thing.
e.g.

1.  There are ‘three’ halls in the palace.
2.  ‘All’ students will pass this year.

Adjective of Quality
Adjective of quality shows the kind of quality of any person or thing that means it describes the attribute of any person or thing,
e.g.

1.  Sapna is an ‘honest’ girl.
2.  You are a ‘foolish’ man.

Practice Questions and Solutions

Question 1:
Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives.

1.  There were ………….. students in class.
2.  Never touch a ………….. wire.
3.  The tree is very  …………..
4.  I have ………….. money now.
5.  I want to read ………….. articles related to Everest journey.

Solution:

1.  many
2. live
3. tall
4. no
5.  every

Question 2:
Fill in the blanks with correct comparative or superlative forms.

1.  Are you feeling ………….. now? (good)
2.  May was the ………….. month of the year, (hot)
3.  Sheela is the ………….. than her sister.(beautiful)
4.  Yogesh is the ………….. of the two. (wise)
5.  You are the ………….. boy in class. (regular)

Solution:

1.  better
2. hottest
3.  more beautiful
4.  wiser
5.  most regular

Question 3:
Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives given in the box below.

1.  I know ………….. tricks of solving this quiz.
2.  She is really a ………….. girl.
3.  I want to see a ………….. whale.
4.  Kolkata is a ………….. city.
5.  ………….. letters are missing from the bag.

Solution:

1.  all
2.  pretty
3.  blue
4.  big
5.  Some

Question 4:
Indicate correct or incorrect in the sentences given below.

1. You are a wisest boy.
2.  She is a cleverer girl.
3.  I saw a longest tree.
4.  You are better than him.
5.  She is the most beautiful lady in hall.

Solution:

1.  Use‘wise’ in place of ‘wisest’.
2.  Use ‘clever’ in place of ‘cleverer’.
3.  Use ‘tall’ in place of ‘longest’.
4.  Correct
5.  Correct

Question 5:
Indicate correct or incorrect in following sentences.

1.  I am best than you.
2.  She is more better than any other girl.
3.  I want a milk.
4.  She is an attractive girl.
5.  I want a good company.

Solution:

1.  Incorrect, use ‘better’ in place of ‘best’.
2.  Incorrect, use ‘better’ in place of ‘more better’.
3.  Incorrect, use ‘some’ in place of ‘a’.
4.  Correct
5.  Correct

Question 6:
Choose the correct option to fill in the gaps.

1.  The mornings of winter are  …………..
   (a) lovely      (b) lovelier
   (c) loved      (d) loveliest
2.  These is …………… sugar in the bowl.
   (a) many      (b) large
   (c) some      (d) very
3.  The ………….. question is to arrange money today.
   (a) big          (b) bigger
   (c) biggest   (d) larger
4.  Which of the two pens, did you like  …………..
   (a) far           (b) more
   (c) most       (d) much
5.  Purvi is a ………….. girl.
   (a) intelligent      (b) cleverer
   (c) smarter          (d) smart

Solution:

1.  (a) lovely
2. (c) some
3.  (c) biggest
4.  (b) more
5.  (d) smart

Question 7:
In each of the following sentences, either an adverb or a noun form of a word has been used. However, there should have been an adjective of quality. Identify the word and replace it with the appropriate adjective form of it.
(One has been done for you.) e.g. The conference was held in a largely hall, ‘largely’ should be replaced with ‘large’

1.  Many bravely soldiers have sacrificed their lives to give us freedom.
2.  The picture hanging on the wall is very beautifully.
3.  You should be faith to your friends.
4.  This questions is too length. We will solve it later.
5. The book is a well, collection of poems.

Solution:

1.  ‘bravely’ should be replaced with ‘brave’,
2.  ‘beautifully’ should be replaced with ‘beautiful’,
3.  ’faith’ should be replaced with ‘faithful’.
4.  ’length’ should be replaced with ‘lengthy’.
5.  ‘well’ should be replaced with, ‘good’.

Question 8:
In each of the following sentences, a wrong adjective has been used to qualify the corresponding noun. Supply the correct adjective to make the sentence meaningful. (One has been done for you).
e.g. One who has big qualities is appreciated by everyone.
                    big –>good

1.  Nitika is dull enough to understand this quickly.
2.  Shivam was so cruel that he could not buy a house.
3.  Salt is a strange gift of nature.
4.  The room was black. He could not see anything.
5.  Most of the politicians are shameful. They work to fulfil their own interests.

Solution:

1.  dull intelligent
2.  cruel poor strange amazing
3.  black dark shameful selfish
4.  shameful selfish

Question 9:
In each of the following examples, a sentence has a blank and is followed by four options. Choose an appropriate option to fill in each gap.

1.  Drinking milk provides benefits like ………….. teeth, rehydration and improves vitamin intake.
   (a) wise         (b) foul
   (c) healthy    (d) smart
2.  He does not like ………….. food.
   (a) strong     (b) proper
   (c) freshly     (d) stale
3.  Hieun Tsang was a ………….. scholar,
   (a) great      (b) pretty
   (c) rich        (d) smart
4.  Armaan wants to change his …………..  job.
   (a) tall             (b) good
   (c) present     (d) courageous
5.  We should always try to become ………….. and respectful citizens.
   (a) beautiful     (b) big
   (c) serious        (d) honest

Solution:

1. (c) healthy
2. (d) stale
3. (a) great
4. (c) present
5. (d) honest

Question 10:
(Cloze Test)
Given below is a passage that has five blanks. Every blank has been numbered and below the passage the numbers are printed with four options each. Choose the appropriate option that suits the blank best. Pashmina is the …………..(1) type of cashmere wool. It was firstmade in Kashmir India. The word literally means ………….. (2) Gold in Kashmiri. Pashmina showls are liked by many people for their warmth. Their ………….. (3) quality is that they are very …………..(4) in weight. They give an ………….. (5) look and drape very nicely.

1.  (a) super           (b) good
   (c) finest           (d) nicer
2.  (a) hard            (b) soft
   (c) strong         (d) true
3.  (a) better          (b) interesting
   (c) best              (d) rich
4.  (a) wierd          (b) proper
   (c) hard             (d) light
5.  (a) elegaht       (b) sharp
   (c) intelligent   (d) former

Solution:

1.  (c) finest
2.  (b) soft
3.  (c) best
4.  (d) light
5.  (a) elegant

CBSE Class 7 English Grammar – Conjunctions or Sentence Connectors

Definition of Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that joins two words, two sentences or two clauses together,
e.g.

1. Pride and honour, (‘and’ is a conjunction joins the words pride, honour).
2. She is a singer.
   He is a dentist.
   She is a singer, but he is a dentist.
   (Conjunction ‘but’ here join two sentences).
3. The poor had died before the government distributed food.
   (‘Before’ here is a conjunction which is joining two sentences).

Types of Conjunctions

There are five types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, sub-ordinating conjunctions, compound conjunctions and linking adverbs and transition words.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
The coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases and clauses of equal ranks. The coordinating conjunctions include : (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so).

• And: It is used to combine two words, sentences or ideas,
  e.g.
  1. I like to drink tea and coffee.
  2. He eats cake, chocolate, pastry and chips.
• But: It is used to connect to contrast ideas,
  e.g.
  1. Andy likes red, but Sophie likes blue.
  2. I am dancing, but she is singing.
• Or: It is used to express a choice between two things,
  e.g.
  1. You can eat it with a fork or a spoon.
  2. You are making the diagram horizontally or vertically.
• Nor: It is used to combine two words or ideas both of which are to be negated,
  e.g.
  1. Ram is drinking neither hot chocolate nor coffee.
  2. Kiran has not come nor has Shyam.
• For: It is used as a conjunction of purpose or reason,
  e.g.
  1. I cannot attend the meeting for I am unwell.
  2. I am not willing to spend so much money on it for it is very expensive.
• Yet: It is used to express that something has not happened but you expect it to happen.
  e.g.
  1. I am not very comfortable doing it yet I will try doing it.
  2. Rocky terrorises the poodles next door yet adores the German Shepherd across the street.
• So: It is used as a conjunction of result or consequence.
  e.g.
  1. Everyone was busy in work, so I brought all the items myself.
  2. All the rooms of the hotel were occupied, so I had to shift here.

2. Correlative Conjunctions
Those conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect two words, phrases or sentences are known as correlative conjunctions.

• Either … Or: It is used to show choice between two things.
  e.g.
  1. Either Max or James has taken the pen.
  2. I will drink either cold coffee or ice tea.
• Neither … Nor: It is used to refuse both of the choices.
  e.g.
  1. I will go to neither Jaipur nor Jaisalmer.
  2. Neither they are writing nor are they allowing me to write.
• Both … And: It is used to combine two ideas.
  e.g.
  1. My brother is both smart and intelligent.
  2. I will eat both North Indian food and Chinese food.
• Whether … Or: It is used to express doubt or choice between two things.
  e.g.
  1. Tell me whether you will do it or not.
  2. Do you know whether it will be raining today or not?
• Not Only … But Also: It is used to express the inclusion of more than one things.
  e.g.
  1. She is not only a dancer but also singer.
  2. We are not only composing the music for a film but also directing a film.

3. Sub-ordinating Conjunctions
A sub-ordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.
Here is the list of the sub-ordinating conjunction.

• After: It is used to express the sequence of happening of two things.
  e.g.
  1. I will drink the milk after my brother drinks it.
  2. You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
• If: ‘If’ is used to express a condition in the clause.
  e.g.
  1. If you work hard you will pass.
  2. She may look beautiful if she uses this cream.
• Though, Although and Even though: It is used to show a contrast between the two clauses.
  e.g.
  1. Though he is poor, he is honest.
  2. Though she was intelligent, she failed.
  3. I am happy although I want to be more.
  4. Although they are good at it, they did mistakes.
  5. I was late to my work even though I helped the old lady.
• If Only: It is used to show a specific condition stated in the clause.
  e.g.
  • If only, I would be a Prime Minister.
  • I could get there, if only, tomorrow.
• Till: It is used to show the extent of time in the clause,
  e.g.
  1. Wait here till I come.
  2. He practised for the exams till late.
• As: It is used to show time, cause and reason in a sentence,
  e.g.
  1. As I left my home, I found a purse.
  2. She is weak as she was ill.
• In order that: It is used to show the purpose in the sentence.
  e.g.
  1. We eat in order that we may live.
  2. She walked faster in order that she could got the bus.
• Unless: It shows the negativity stated in a condition,
  e.g.
  1. You will not pass unless you study.
  2. She will not stop crying unless she meets her father.
• As if: This is used to show an imaginary condition in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. He talks to me as if he were my boss.
  2. She behaves as if she were a dictator.
• Now that: This is used to show a current situation which is the outcome of some past event.
  e.g.
  1. Now that it is clear India is in the semifinal, we are celebrating.
  2. Now that her marriage has been fixed she wanted to quit her job.
• Until: It shows the negativity related to time in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. Do not go until I come.
  2. They are not ready to pay until they get the house.
• As long as: It is used to show the extent of time and its duration related to an event.
  e.g.
  1. As long as electricity is supplied, the machine will run.
  2. She is the new captain as long as the previous captain recovers.
• Once: It shows the limited frequency of an event to one.
  e.g.
  1. Once she was in England,
  2. I take tea once in a day.
• When: It shows the time related to an event in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. I know the time when she was born.
  2. She is aware when they could harm her.
• As though: It shows the manner of an event in the sentence.
  e.g.
  1. He showed the anger as though he were the victim of it.
  2. She cared the baby as though she were her mother.
• Rather than: This is used to show preferences or choices in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. She would die rather than beg.
  2. I would live in Delhi rather than London.
• Whenever: This shows the definite situation in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. Whenever I wanted to meet him, he didn’t come.
  2. I keep myself in my mother’s cap whenever I feel sad.
• Because: It is used to express the reason of an action.
  e.g.
  1. I will eat a pizza because I am hungry.
  2. We have to clean the house because tomorrow is Diwali.
• Since: This is used to show a time reference in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. I have been doing this since January.
  2. She may pass since she had studied this subject.
• Where: It shows place or position specification in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. I do not know where it is to be kept.
  2. She may go where she wanted to.
• Before: It is used to show a position, a time that states an event finished earlier.
  e.g.
  1. Get ready to go before the jury.
  2. She had written a letter before me.
• So that: It is used to show a result or an outcome of any event.
  e.g.
  1. She is reading so that she can pass.
  2. India is planning to enter manufacturing so that revenue can be generated.
• Whereas: It shows the contrast between the two clauses.
  e.g.
  1. She is intelligent whereas her brother is not.
  2. America is developed whereas India is developing.
• Even if: It is used to put a stress on the given conditionals.
  e.g.
  1. I shall not give it you even if I am told officially.
  2. She will continue her education even if she gets married.
• Than: It is used for the purpose of comparison,
  e.g.
  1. It is better to leave than doing it.
  2. It was easier said than done.
• Wherever: It is used to put positional stress in a sentence.
  e.g.
  1. I shall go with you wherever you go.
  2. Police shall take him out no matter wherever he has hidden himself.
• That: It is used to join the two different clauses in the sentence.
  e.g.
  1. She told me that she was a poet.
  2. They know that you can be handy.
• While: It is used to combine the two dynamic verbs that may be simultaneous or may not be.
  e.g.
  1. I was reading while eating.
  2. She was talking while crossing.
• On condition that: It is used to express a condition which is a necessity for another action.
  e.g.
  1. I can give you this book on condition that you will keep it safe.
  2. She returned the phone on condition that he would never irritate her.
• Provided: It is used to express a conditional statement which is either a warning or a requirement for the other action.
  e.g.
  1. You may go on leave provided the project is finished on time.
  2. She will marry you provided she is allowed to study further.

4. Compound Conjunctions
Compound conjunctions are the groups of words (phrases) that are used as conjunction.
Definitions of Compound Conjunctions

5. Linking Adverbs and Transition Words
These are used to connect two independent clauses or sentences. The linking adverbs and transition words are used to provide transition between ideas. Linking adverbs and transition words include.

Practice Questions and Solutions

Question 1:
In the sentences given below fill in the blanks with the suitable conjunctions.

1. He is both a singer …………..  drummer.
2. Ramu is poor …………..  he managed to educate his son.
3.  ………….. he is trusted, he cheated his boss.
4. Stuart is taller …………..  his friend Jack.
5. Father came to know …………..  his son has passed.
6. I won’t pay you …………..  you show me your card.
7. A good bowler knows …………..  to deliver a bouncer.
8. …………..  he was captain, he was to be blamed for loss.
9. It’s my rule, follow it …………..  forget it.
10. Hari was watering the plants …………..  I happened to cross by his house.

Solution:

1. and
2. but
3. Although
4. than
5. that
6. unless
7. when
8. Since
9. or
10. when

Question 2:
Join the sentences in List I with those in List II using suitable conjunctions.

Solution:
(i) She used the cup and kept it on the shelf.
(ii) Farmer was weeping because the crop was lost.
(iii) Leaders must work or they should denounce.
(iv) She was depressed, yet she didn’t approve of it.
(v) He studied hard but failed everytime.
(vi) We cannot use it because/since it is not owned by us.
(vii) Vidhi uses this system when/if gobody is using it.
(viii) Gaurav likes movies very much but not Hollywood movies.
(ix) Their home has not been renovated for many years, still it manages to look nice.
(x) Either you do this or I will have to do.

Question 3:
Find out the correct conjunction according to the context of the sentences.

1. Tapasya is a little snobbish and/but is very beautiful at heart.
2. I like the show, so/because I stay late up to watch it.
3. Either Karan or/nor Arjun will win the battle.
4. This phone is very expensive where/hence you should use it with utmost care.
5. We could not work further yet/because the electricity broke down.
6. He had an affectionate and/or polite manners towards her.
7. We can’t rely on him if/unless he proves himself.
8. Although/otherwise she is smart, she has to prepare some matter for the competition.
9. None is guilty and/but how will it be proved?
10. Rose grows on land neverthless/whereas lotus grows in water. !

Solution:

1. but
2. so
3. or
4. hence
5. because
6. and
7. unless
8. Although
9. but
10. whereas

Question 4:
Given below are a few sentences. After or before every sentence a conjunction has been provided. Write a suitable sentence using the conjunction and your own ideas.

1. I have watched almost all the episodes of Byomkesh Bakshi. still …………..
2. Although …………..  Gauri managed to search office on time.
3. God will not bless you unless …………..
4. Since ………….. I could not answer any of his calls.
5. Mayuri Kango was doing well in her initial movies. But …………..

Solution:

1. I want to watch them again.
2. there was a huge traffic jam on the way yesterday.
3. you show persistence in your efforts.
4. I was busy in taking my brother to hospital.
5. she suddenly disappeared from the film industry.

Question 5:
Choose the correct option from given below:

1. Everyone wants a corruption free country …………..  nobody wants to stop corruption.
   (a) however
   (b) because
   (c) since
   (d) but
2. I admire her …………..  she exhibits stead fast opinions on any matter.
   (a) because
   (b) until
   (c) between
   (d) and
3. Nidhi scored very well …………..  she fell ill just before her exams.
   (a) but
   (b) when
   (c) since
   (d) although
4. A salesman needs to be very polite to his customers …………..  they are complaining about something.
   (a) when
   (b) even if
   (c) until
   (d) as soon as
5. The man walked …………..  he had been drunken.
   (a) hardly
   (b) so that
   (c) as though
   (d) moreover
6. All the contestants will get some or the other gift hamper …………..  they fulfil the basic criteria and clear at least the first sound.
   (a) hence
   (b) provided
   (c) next
   (d) because
7. You have to stop writing …………..  the bell rings.
   (a) even if
   (b) since
   (c) unless
   (d) as soon as
8. They will not do anything …………..  I instruct them.
   (a) till
   (b) when
   (c) until
   (d) whenever
9. ………….. people are free from any biases, they will make some progress.
   (a) till
   (b) when
   (c) as long as
   (d) however
10. ………….. You walk further, you will find a marsh-land.
    (a) Also
    (b) Unless
    (c) As
    (d) Wherever

Solution:

1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (c)

Question 6:
In each of the following examples, out of four options, only one sentence is grammatically correct. Identify the correct sentence and mark its number as your answer.

1. (a) Since you are at the head position, you own the responsibility.
   (b) Since you are at the head position then you own the responsibility.
   (c) Unless you are at the head position, you own the responsibility.
   (d) Because you are at the head position, therefore you own the responsibility.
2. (a) George is a huge and heavy man since not in intellect.
   (b) George is a huge and heavy man, but not in intellect.
   (c) George is a huge and heavy man since not in intellect.
   (d) George is a huge and heavy man where in intellect.
3. (a) He will blow a whistle as well as he reaches the top.
   (b) He will blow a whistle since he reaches the top.
   (c) He will blow a whistle although he reaches the top.
   (d) He will blow a whistle as soon as he reaches the top.
4. (a) Samira gave a loud cry as she saw a snake in the yard.
   (b) Samira gives a loud cry when she saw a snake in the yard.
   (c) Samira gave a loud cry before she saw a snake in the yard.
   (d) Samira gives a loud cry before she saw a snake in the yard.
5. (a) Dolly opened the door or took milk from the milkman.
   (b) Dolly opened the door but took milk from the milkman.
   (c) Dolly opened the door and took milk from the milkman.
   (d) Dolly opened the door because took milk from the milkman.

Solution:

1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (c)

CBSE Class 7 English Grammar – The Sentence

Definition of Sentence
A group of words that is arranged in a proper order and gives a complete meaning is called a sentence.
e.g.

1.  Delhi is the capital of India.
2.  Manohar is the captain of team.

Subject
A subject is a noun or pronoun that either does the work or about whom/which something is stated.
e.g.

1.  Ram is reading a book. (Subject)
   Here, Ram is the doer of the action as he is busy in reading his book. So, Ram is the subject.
2.  Peacock is a beautiful bird. (Subject)
   Here, something has been said about the beauty of the peacock. So, peacock is the subject.

Object
An object is a word which receives the effect of action done by the subject,
e.g.

1.  Leader has distributed blankets. (Object)
2.  Maya writes a poem. (Object)

Here, leader and Maya are the subjects who perfom the action of distributing and writing respectively. The nouns ‘blankets’ and ‘poem’ receive the effect of the action done by the subject.

Complement
Complement is a word or a group of words that adds more meaning to the subject or to the object.
e.g.

1.  John is playing football in the ground. (Complement)
2.  Vijay is going to library for books. (Complement)

The word or group of words indicated as complement adds up to the meaning of the subject or object. Earlier, we have studied what is a sentence. Now we shall learn about the parts of sentence and the types of sentence.

Types of Sentences
The following types of sentences are given below
Assertive or Declarative Sentences
Assertive sentences are the statements that give information about something or some action.
They are positive as well as negative.

Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences are those sentences that make a question sense.
e.g.

1.  Do you read your book?
2.  What is your native language?

Note: An interrogative sentence always ends with a mark of interrogation (?). This is the way to identify the interrogative sentences.

Types of Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences are of two types

1.  Yes/No Interrogatives These are closed ended interrogatives where the answers are in the form of yes or no.
   e.g.  (a) Have you got some time?
   Yes, I have.
   No, I have not.
   (b) Did you have your lunch?
   Yes, I had.
   No, I did not.
2.  ‘Wh’ Interrogatives These are the types of interrogatives that use ‘wh’ words with them. Wh, words are what, why, where, when, how.
   e.g. (a) Why are you crying?
   (b) When do we play?
   

Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences are the sentences that express order command, instructions, advice and request.
They begin with a ‘verb’, e.g.

1.  Bring the paper.
2.  Stand in the queue.
3.  Take left for church.
4.  Practice Maths regularly.
5.  Help the needy and poor.

Exclamatory Sentences
Sentences that are used to show internal emotions or abstract feelings are exclamatory sentences,
e.g.

1.  Shit! I have done the wrong.
2.  Alas! She lost her mother.
3.  Bravo! The man showed courage.
4.  Hurrah! We conquered.

Note: Exclamatory sentences can be easily understood with the help of Words of exclamation.
(Words that show sudden or abstract feelings). Sign of exclamation (I).

Optative Sentences
Sentences that show wish, desire or entreaty are called optative sentences.
e.g.

1.  May God bless you.
2.  I wish I were a bird.
3.  May you achieve great success in your life.
4.  I wish we had studied earlier.

Interchange of Sentence

Interchange of Positive into Negative Sentence
When a positive sentence is to -be changed into negative then we should use ‘not’ between helping verb and the main verb of the sentence.
e.g.

1.  She was writing poems. (Positive)
   She was not writing poems. (Negative)
2.  I was playing cricket. (Positive)
   I was not playing cricket. (Negative)

Note: In simple present and simple past tenses there may be no helping verb and if it is the case then we use do/does/did as the helping verb in forming a negative statement.

Rule 1
If a sentence contains an amount or magnitude  or number of something then negative adding ‘no’. is made by
e.g.

1.  She has a car. (Positive)
   She has no car. (Negative)
2.  Puneet had some sugar. (Positive)
   Puneet had no sugar. (Negative)

Rule 2
When indefinite pronouns like somebody, someone, anybody or anyone are used then to make a negative sentence nobody or none is used.
e.g.

1.  Somebody has called you. (Positive)
   Nobody has called you. (Negative)
2.  Anybody can read a book. (Positive)
   Nobody can read a book. (Negative)

Rule 3
A positive sentence can be changed into negative by using another word which is the
antonym in the negative sentence.
e.g.

1.  Rahim is a good boy. (Positive)
   Rahim is a bad boy. (Negative)
2.  1 am fit for this job. (Positive)
   1 am unfit for this job. (Negative)

Rule 4
Positive sentence can be changed into negative by using ‘neither-nor’ also.
e.g.

1.  He is a poet and teacher. (Positive)
   He is neither a poet nor a teacher. (Negative)
2.  Mr John is the chairman and the secretary. (Positive)
   Mr John is neither the chairman nor the secretary. (Negative)

Interchange of Positive into Interrogative Sentence

Rule 1
A positive sentence can be changed into interrogative sentence by putting the helping verb before subject.
e.g.

1.  Children are playing. (Positive)
   Are children playing? (Interrogative)
2.  She had finished the work. (Positive)
   Had she finished the work? (Interrogative)

Rule 2
A positive sentence can be changed into an interrogative sentence by using ‘Wh’ words.
e.g.

1.  The baby is crying. (Positive)
   Why is the baby crying? (Interrogative)
2.  Farmers plough the field. (Positive)
   When do farmers plough the field? (Interrogative)

Parts of Sentence

Subject

•  Doer of action.
•  About whom/which something is said.
  

Predicate
The part of sentence that has a verb and that states something about the subject.

Practice Questions and Solutions

Question 1:
Identify subject, helping verb and verb in the following sentences.

1.  The Ganga is providing water for agriculture.
2.  Workmen work in their fields.
3.  Teacher teaches the pupils.
4.  They have completed the work.
5.  Was Seema busy with her friend?

Solution:

1. Subject – The Ganga
   Helping verb – is
   Verb – providing
2. Subject – Workmen
   Helping verb – X
   Verb – work
3. Subject – Teacher
   Helping verb – X
   Verb – teaches
4. Subject – They
   Helping verb – have
   Verb – completed
5.  Subject – Seema
   Helping verb – was
   Verb – X

Question 2:
Identify the object and complement in the following sentences. If there is no object or no complement then indicate the same.

1.  The dog is barking in the field.
2.  The peon rings the bell always.
3.  A tiger is a dangerous animal.
4.  River gives life to the people.
5.  It is raining in Delhi.

Solution:

1. Object – X
   Complement – in the field
2. Object – the bell
   Complement – always
3. Object – X
   Complement – dangerous animal
4. Object – life, people
   Complement – X
5. Object – X
   Complement – In Delhi

Question 3:

Solution:
(i) (c)             (ii) (a)             (iii) (e)              (iv) (b)                (v) (d)

Question 4:
Choose the correct option from the given questions.
A postman delivers the letter to people.

1.  Which is the subject of the sentence?
   (a) Letter              (b) People
   (c) A postman     (d) Delivers
2.  Which is the object of the sentence?
   (a) A postman     (b) The letter
   (c) People             (d) Delivers
3.  Which is the verb of the sentence?
   (a) Delivers         (b) A postman
   (c) People            (d) The letter
4.  Which is the complement of the sentence?
   (a) People           (b) Postman
   (c) Letter            (d) None of these
5.  Subject of the sentence is
   (a) doer of the action
   (b) about whom/which something is said
   (c) cannot be decided
   (d) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’

Solution:

1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (a)

Question 5:
In the following sentences identify the subject and the predicate.

1.  The car broke down in the middle.
2.  A clever boy dodged the man there.
3.  One who thinks good does good always.
4.  The dull shopkeeper made no sale today.
5.  Eager people get success in Science.

Solution:

1. Subject – The car
   Predicate – broke down in the middle.
2. Subject – A clever boy
   Predicate – dodged the man there.
3. Subject – One who thinks good does
   Predicate – good always.
4. Subject – The dull shopkeeper made
   Predicate – no sale today.
5. Subject – Eager people get success in
   Predicate – science.

Question 6:
Identify the kind of the sentences given below. Write in your notebook.

1.  May our team; win the match.
2.  She could not appear for the party.
3.  How did you manage the affair?
4.  One could be fined Rs. 200 for this.
5.  Wow! what a blissful sight it is.

Solution:

1. Optative
2. Negative
3. Interrogative
4. Positive
5. Exclamatory

Question 7:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given in the box.

1. Father asked the children ………. books do they want to purchase?
2. ………. does this bus leave for Agra?
3.  ………. has happened to you?
4.  ………… is the chief secretary of UNO?
5.  ………. are you going so early in the morning?

Solution:

1.  which
2.  When
3.  What
4.  Who
5.  Where

Question 8:
In the sentehces below identify the type of sentences.

1.  Ouch! my finger gets a cut.
2.  Nothing is possible without money.
3.  Why was a large dam built there?
4.  The tiger moved with rage in the jungle.
5.  My mother wants me to do the study.

Solution:

1.  Exclamatory Sentence
2.  Negative Sentence
3.  Interrogative Sentence
4.  Positive Sentence
5.  Optative Sentence

Question 9:
Change these positive sentences into negative sentences.

1.  India is a populous country.
2.  The weather is very fine today.
3.  Indian economy is increasing these days.
4.  Bank provides the loan to its Customers.
5.  The cow is a very useful quadruped.

Solution:

1.  India is not a populous country.
2.  The weather is not very fine today.
3.  Indian economy is not increasing these days.
4.  Bank does not provide loan to its customers.
5.  The cow is not a very useful quadruped.

Question 10:
Change these positive sentences into the interrogative sentences.

1.  Metro is a convenient mode of transport.
2.  People love to reside in cities.
3.  One should work hard to get success.
4.  The snake charmer plays his flute well.
5.  Leaders are unpredictable people.

Solution:

1.  Is metro a convenient mode of transport?
2.  Do people love to reside in cities?
3.  Should one work hard to get success?
4.  Does the snake charmer play his flute well?
5.  Are leaders unpredictable people?

Question 11:
In the sentences given below, there are four options to each. Identify the sentence and choose the correct options.

1. None came to the rescue.
   (a) Positive sentence
   (b) Negative sentence
   (c) Imperative sentence
   (d) Optative sentence
2. She always misguides others.
   (a) Positive sentence
   (b) Negative sentence
   (c) Imperative sentence
   (d) Optative sentence
3. Grandma loves to buy the Ramayana.
   (a) Positive sentence
   (b) Negative sentence
   (c) Interrogative sentence
   (d) Optative sentence
4. Why there a decline in the rainfall?
   (a) Positive sentence
   (b) Negative sentence
   (c) Interrogative sentence
   (d) Optative sentence
5. What a pleasant surprise your arrival is!
   (a) Interrogative sentence
   (b) Imperative sentence
   (c) Optative sentence
   (d) Exclamatory sentence

Solution:

1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (d)

CBSE Class 7 English Grammar – Articles

Definition of Article
Articles are basically a type of determiners. Determiner covers many classes of words in which there are articles (definite and indefinite articles), adjectives and demonstratives.

Types of Articles
There are three main articles – ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’. These three articles can be divided in two classes

Definite Article (The)
‘The’ is known as definite article because it is used to point out specific person or thing.
e.g. The Moon and the Sun etc.

Uses of ‘The’
There are following common rules of using definite article ‘the’

1. ‘The’ is used before a particular or specific person, place or thing,
e.g.

1.  Let us go to the club.
2.  This is the boy who won last match.

2. ‘The’ is used before common nouns which are names of things unique of their kind,
e.g.

1.  The Earth is our planet.
2.  The world is a pieasant place.
3.  The Sun gives us life.

3. ‘The’ is used before name of directions and dates of months.
e.g.

1.  The Sun sets in the West.
2.  I got my dream job on the 10th of May.

4. ‘The’ is used before name of rivers, seas, canals, oceans, valleys, deserts and forests,
e.g.

1.  The Atlantic Ocean
2.  The Ganges

5. ‘The’ is used before names of mountain ranges,
e.g.

1.  The Himalayas
2.  The Alps

Note: Never use ‘the’ before names of single mountains or hills,
e.g.

1.  Montblanc (Not the Mont blanc)
2.  Everest (Not the Everest)

6. ‘The’ is used before superlative degrees of an adjective.
e.g.

1.  You are the best boy in my class.
2.  Kashmir is the most beautiful state of India.

7. ‘The’ is used before a whole class,
e.g.

1.  The cow is a pet animal.
2.  The horse runs very fast.

8. ‘The’ is used before names of races or nations,
e.g.

1.  The English ruled over the Indians.
2.  The Muslims believe in the Kuran/ Quran.

9. ‘The’ is used before names of newspapers, holy books, famous buildings, ships, historical events,
e.g.

1.  I read the Hindustan newspaper.
2.  The Ramayana is a famous book.

10. ‘The’ is used before proper nouns, common nouns, abstract nouns and material nouns to make them common nouns.
e.g.

1.  Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.
2.  The milk of our dairy is pure.

11. ‘The’ is used before name of musical instruments,
e.g.

1.  Rani plays the guitar.
2.  Ranjan plays the harmonium.

12. ‘The’ is used before name of inventions,
e.g.

1.  The water is useful for us.
2.  Who invented the television?

13. ‘The’ is used before parts of body.
e.g.

1.  He was hit by the rod in the back.
2.  He got an injury in the head.

14. ‘The’ is used before political parties,
e.g.

1.  The Congress Party.
2.  The Bhartiya Janata Party.

Indefinite Article (A, An)
‘A’ ‘an’ are known as indefinite articles because both are used to point which are not specific nouns,
e.g. A man, an organisation and an egg

Uses of‘A’

1. ‘A’ is used before words beginning with consonants,
   e.g. a news, a patient, a cup
2.  ‘A’ is used before the words which begin with a vowel, but have a sound of a consonant.
   e.g. A university, A European

Uses of ‘An’

1.  An is used with words that begin with a alphabet (a,e,i,o,u).
   e.g. an orange, an egg, an octave
2. ‘A/an’ is used before the adjective if adjective comes with a noun.
   e.g. a nice book, an intelligent boy, a good prize
3.  ‘An’ is used before words beginning with consonants having vowel sounds.
   e.g. An FIR, An MSc.

Omission of Articles

1. We should not use ‘the’ before proper nouns e.g. Kolkata, Rashmi, Sunday and so on.
   Exception
   Here are some exceptions of this rule like we say The Punjab, The USA, The Deccan (Group of states)
2.  We should not use ‘the’ before subjects and arts,
   e.g.
   1. I don’t like painting.
   2. I am reading book of Science.
3. When we use abstract nouns in general sense, we omit ‘the’.
   e.g.
   1. Honesty is the best policy.
   2. Health is wealth.

Practice Questions and Solutions

Question 1:
Explain whether sentences given below are correct or not with reference to the use of articles.

1.  He is the European.
2.  Do you like butter?
3.  Art is the wonderful subject.
4.  I want to drive car,
5.  She eats the apple every day.
6.  I need a water.
7.  Who is the man?
8.  Radha has got new mobile phone but its not an android phone.
9.  Should I take admission into an university or a college after completing my high school?
10.  All the committee members have arrived at on decision.

Solution:

1.  Incorrect use ‘a’ in place of ‘the’.
2.  Correct
3.  Incorrect use ‘a’ before ‘wonderful’.
4.  Incorrect use ‘a’ before ‘car’.
5.  Incorrect use ‘an’ in place of ‘the’.
6.  Incorrect use no article before water.
7.  Correct
8.  Incorrect use ‘a’ before ‘new’.
9.  Incorrect use ‘a’ in place of ‘an’.
10.  Incorrect use ‘a’ in place of ‘an’.

Question 2:
Fill in the blanks using a/an/the.

1.  I want to ask ………………. question now.
2.  It is ………………. nice day today.
3.  Mohini works in ………………. office.
4.  ………………. man was crossing the road.
5.  She works in factory.
6.  There is ………………. huge statue of Rani Lakshmibai at the square.
7.  Yours is ………………. inspiring story.
8.  Where is ………………. Statue of Liberty situated?
9.  He belongs to ………………. different school of thought
10.  Do you know where ………………. library is?

Solution:

1.  a
2.  a
3.  an
4.  A
5.  a
6.  a
7.  an
8. the
9.  a
10.  the

Question 3:
Put a/an/the wherever necessary.

1.  She is ………………. MSc in Chemistry.
2.  I am going to ………………. club.
3.  ………………. Gomati is a famous river.
4.  Rashmi is ………………. unique girl.
5.  I know how to play ………………. violin.
6.  ………………. life in the army not so easy though it is full of pride and prestige.
7.  She was not in ………………. mood of cutting jokes.
8.  This is  ………………. honour for me.
9.  One cannot compare ………………. orange with apple.
10.  Each of them is ………………. unique fruit.

Solution:

1.  an
2.  the
3.  The
4.  a
5.  the
6.  The
7.  a
8.  an
9.  an, an
10.  a

Question 4:
In each of the following questions there are three sentences given out of which one is wrong according to the usage of articles. Pick out the wrong sentence and mark its number as your answer. Mark your answer as ‘d’ if all the sentences are correct.

1.  (a) Mr Sharma’s daughter is an air hostess
   (b) There is a big hole in that wall
   (c) An man is waiting for you, sir
   (d) All are correct
2.  (a) An Earth is a beautiful planet
   (b) Shail is a nice boy
   (c) Do you need an umbrella?
   (d) All are correct
3.  (a) She ordered a bag online
   (b) The four persons came yesterday also
   (c) I know you have got the pair of the new shoes
   (d) All are correct
4.  (a) Give me an sheet of paper
   (b) Does she have a pencil?
   (c) The book fair was very nice
   (d) All are correct
5.  (a) A new film will be releasing this Friday
   (b) The cow is a milk animal
   (c) The tea is my favourite drink
   (d) All are correct
6.  (a) There is a telephone on the table
   (b) Runjhun is my neighbour’s daughter
   (c) The sky is full of stars today
   (d) All are correct
7.  (a) Many poets have made the Moon a synonym for love
   (b) It is also a symbol of beauty
   (c) We should not spread a rumors
   (d) All are correct
8.  (a) On that day, he didn’t have a money
   (b) Many tribal people live on the bank of rivers
   (c) The boy gave a loud cry
   (d) All are correct
9.  (a) Children love to play the mobile games
   (b) The hat he was wearing was presented by his uncle
   (c) Ruhi was a very sensible girl
   (d) All are correct
10.  (a) You are a mature person now
    (b) We must not waste a time
    (c) Today is a hot sunny day
    (d) All are correct

Solution:

1.  (c) Use ‘A’ in place of ‘An’,
2.  (a) Use ‘the’ in place of ‘An’.
3.  (c) Use ‘a’ in place of ‘the’.
4.  (a) Use ‘a’ in place of ‘an’.
5.  (c) No article is required before tea.
6.  (b) Use no article before ‘my’.
7.  (c) Use no article before ‘rumors’.
8.  (a) Use no article before ‘money’.
9.  (d) All are correct
10.  (b) Use no article before ‘time’.

Question 5:
Match the following.

Solution:
(i) (b)                  (ii) (c)                (iii) (a)
(iv) (e)                (v) (d)

Question 6:
In each of the following examples whether the articles used are necessary or not. Also state whether they have be used correctly or not. Write the correct sentence if required.

1.  A haste makes a waste.
2.  My friend Manisha lives in the Jaipur.
3.  The Nile is longest river in the world.
4.  The German people s3peak the German.
5.  I need the water badly now.

Solution:

1.  Haste makes waste.
2.  My friend Manisha lives in Jaipur.
3.  No correction required/correct sentence.
4.  The German will speak German.
5.  I need water badly now.

Question 7:
Insert articles (A, An, the) wherever necessary in the following sentences.

1.  Kunal wants to go to USA for post graduation.
2.  The hospitals in Singapore are best in the world.
3.  Ram had scar on his forehead.
4.  There is tall building in Smit Vihar.
5.  Sampada is Rani Lakshmibai of our class.

Solution:

1.  to the USA
2.  are the best
3.  had a scar
4.  is a tall
5.  is the Rani

CBSE Class 7 English Grammar – Pronoun

Definition of Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun and does the work of a noun,
e.g: Ram is a boy. Ram reads in class seventh. Ram is a good athelete.
Ram works hard. Ram obeys his parents. Ram is an ideal student.
Here, A boy Ram has been described and a few of his qualities have been said. But, the repeated use of a noun lets the beauty of writing fade away and hence we need to replace the noun by a pronoun. When we use pronoun in place of the noun then it preserves the beauty of writing.
Ram is a boy. He reads in class seventh. He is a good athelete. He works hard. He obeys his parents. He is an ideal student.
Now, as the pronoun ‘He’ has replaced the noun ‘Ram’ the sentences are very much pleasing to read. Pronoun saves the noun from getting repeated and also beautifies the sentence.

Types of Pronouns

Personal Pronoun
Pronouns that indicate person, thing, animal etc are called personal pronouns.
In English Grammar, there are three types of person

1. First Person
   The speaker is the first person. I, we, me, us, my, our, mine and ours are pronouns of first person.
2.  Second Person
   The listener is the second person. You, your and yours are the pronouns of second person.
3.  Third Person
   About whom/which the speaker is saying something. He, she, it, they, him, her, them, his, her, its, their are pronouns of third person.
   
   Read the following examples
   (i) Goldy wants to talk to you.
   (ii) He didn’t his new bicycle.
   (iii) The horse was moving its tail.
   (iv) Jiya said that the bangle was hers.
   (v) Nidhi is has not come today. Do you know where she is.

Indefinite Pronouns
Pronouns that show an indefinite or an uncertain number of people, person or thing,
e.g.

1.  All were hungry.
2. None is happy these days.
3. Some were very much pleased.

Here, all, none, some are indefinite pronouns because they don’t give any certain idea about the number of person or thing.
These are all, none, some, any, much, more, one, many, other, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody etc.

Interrogative Pronouns
Pronouns that are used to ask questions are interrogative pronouns.
e.g.

1.  What is your name?
2. Where is the Taj Mahal situated?

Here, what and where are interrogative pronouns as these words are used to ask a question.
These are who, whom, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how, whence, wherever etc.

Relative Pronouns
Pronouns that are used to join two sentences and reveal the relation with the noun that comes before it.
e.g.

1.  I know the man who is a fighter.
2.  I like the book which has a hologram.

In the above sentences who and which join the two parts of sentence and reveals the relation with the antecedent noun.

Read the following examples

1. Sourabh who is a diligent worker is loved by everyone.
2.  Do you know the girl whom you talked to in the party?
3. Nigar whose ring was stolen is my neighbour.
4.  I have returned the money which I borrowed from her.
5.  It is only the thirteenth question in KBC which may fetch you seven crores.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns that are used to show or to indicate some nouns are called demonstrative pronoun,
e.g.

1.  This is my house.
2. Those are lily flowers.
   

Distributive Pronouns
Pronouns that are used to show the distribution of a noun are called Distributive Pronouns,
e.g.

1.  Each soldier has a gun.
2. Any of these books will do.

These are none, any, some, each, every, either, neither, no one, everyone, everybody, no body etc.

Reciprocal Pronouns
Pronouns that are made up of two different pronouns and show a mutual relationship are called the Reciprocal Pronouns.
e.g.

1.  Raj and Seema love each other.
2.  Indians love one another.
   

Reflexive Pronouns
Pronouns that show the effect of work upon the subject are called Reflexive Pronouns,
e.g.

1.  We enjoyed ourselves.
2.  She praised herself.

Emphatic Pronouns
When reflexive pronouns are used for the purpose of emphasising it becomes an emphatic pronoun. It is either used just after the subject or in the mid of the sentence,
e.g.

1.  I myself will go.
2.  You yourself can make a way.

Practice Questions and Solutions

Question 1:
In the sentences given below identify the pronoun and state its type.

1. She met me on the highways.
2.  I forgot my purse in the hall.
3.  Who are you talking to over the phone.
4.  She lost the book which I gave her.
5.  Each and every aspect has been discussed.

Solution:

1.  She, me – Personal pronoun
2.  I, my – Personal pronoun
3.  Who – Interrogative pronoun
   You – Personal pronoun
4.  She, I, her – Personal pronoun
   Which – Relative pronoun
5.  Each, every – Distributive pronoun

Question 2:
Fill in the blanks with suitable possessive pronouns.

1.  We have done ………….. duty.
2.  She called ………….. mother yesterday.
3.  You should keep ………….. house clean.
4.  I can do ………….. work easily.
5.  The house has ………….. boundaries decorated.

Solution:

1.  our
2.  her
3. your
4.  my
5.  its

Question 3:
Fill in the blanks by using suitable interrogative pronoun.

1.  Do you know ………….. I am?
2.  In ………….. country does the river Nile flow?
3.  ………….. are you upset all these days?
4.  ………….. type of dress would she like?
5.  ………….. does the bell ring usually?

Solution:

1.  who
2.  which
3.  Why
4.  Which
5.  When

Question 4:
Fill in the blanks by using suitable relative pronoun.

1.  He is the man ………….. did all this.
2.  I know the way ………….. can lead to highway.
3.  She broke the vase ………….. her dad had gifted.
4.  I have done the work ………….. will make you happy.
5.  The man ………….. is a thief has been shot dead.

Solution:

1.  who
2.  that/which
3.  that/which
4. that/which
5.  who

Question 5:
Choose the correct form of pronoun; from among the four options given before each example; to fill in the blanks.

1.  Most of the politicians work for …………… own selfish interests.
   (a) her           (b) their
   (c) his            (d) themselves
2.  Do you know ………… name?
   (a) him           (b) his
   (c) himself     (d) her
3.  The boy ………….. you were waiting for is here.
   (a) him           (b) who
   (c) his            (d) whom
4.  You should respect ………….. job and take pride in doing it.
   (a) his               (b) her
   (c) our              (d) your
5.  India is proud of ………….. great, rich culture.
   (a) him             (b) its
   (c) itself            (d) their
6.  ………….. aim is to eradicate corruption from the world.
   (a) I                    (b) Mine
   (c) Our              (d) Theirs
7.  They will find out their way by  …………..
   (a) you               (b) them
   (c) himself       (d) themselves
8.  Angiosperms are the plants ………….. bear flowers and produce fruits.
   (a) which         (b) who
   (c) whose        (d) whom
9.  He knows ………….. duties as well as rights very well.
   (a) him             (b) theirs
   (c) his               (d) himself
10.  We must value …………. great heritage.
    (a) our            (b) ourselves
    (c) us              (d) ourself

Solution:

1.  (b) their
2.  (b) his
3.  (d) whom
4.  (d) your
5.  (b) its
6.  (c) Our
7.  (d) themselves
8.  (a) which
9.  (c) his
10.  (a) our

Question 6:
There are two blanks in each of the following examples. Four pair of options have been provided in each example. Pick the correct pair to form meaningful sentences.

1. God helps ………….. who helps ………….
   (a) they/themselves
   (b) we/ourselves
   (c) them/themselves
   (d) him/himself
2.  I don’t know ……… name but I know ………….
   (a) your/her                    (b) her/your
   (c) yourself/himself      (d) your/hers
3.  Why doesn’t ………… take .…………. medicine on time?
   (a) you/your           (b) she/her
   (c) they/their         (d) he/him
4.  …………. brain, sometimes doesn’t follow …………….. orders.
   (a) My/my          (b) l/my
   (c) My/mine       (d) My/me
5.  Anurag …………. participates in the games though ………….. coaches junior players too.
   (a) him/he          (b) his/himself
   (c) himself/he   (d) himself/him

Solution:

1.  (d) him/himself
2.  (d) your, hers
3.  (b) she/her
4.  (a) my/my
5.  (c) himself/he

Question 7:
Rewrite the following sentences replacing all the nouns (personal) with suitable pronouns.

1.  Plato was the greatest disciple of Socrates.
2.  The man gave some instructions to the woman.
3.  Why don’t people understand this?
4.  Shourya tried to recollect the girl’s name.
5.  The old man took the boy in his arms.

Solution:

1.  He was the greatest disciple of his.
2.  He gave some instructions to her.
3.  Why don’t they understand this?
4.  He tried to recollect her name.
5.  He took him in his arms.