Category: CBSE

Sociology Class 11 Notes Chapter 3 Understanding Social Institutions

Family:

• The word “family” has been taken from the Roman word “familus” meaning “servant”. In Roman law, the word denoted the group of producers and slaves and other servants as well as the members connected by common descent or marriage.
• According to Burgess and Locke, “A group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household, interacting and inter-communicating with each other in their respective social rites of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, creating a common culture.”

Characteristics of a Family

• A mating relationship: A family comes into existence when a man and a woman establish a mating relation between them.
• A form of marriage: A family requires a home, a householder, for its living. Without a dwelling place the task of child bearing and child rearing cannot be adequately performed.
• A system of nomenclature: Every family is known by a name and has its own system of reckoning descent. Descent may be reckoned through the male line or through the female line. Usually the wife goes and joins her husband’s family in a patriarchal system and vice-versa in a matriarchal system.
• An economic provision: Every family needs an economic provision to satisfy the economic needs. The head of the family carries on a certain profession and earns money to maintain the family.Thus it can be said that family is a biological unit employing institutionalised sex relationship between husband and wife. It is based on the fact of production and nurture of the child is its important function. It is a universal institution found in  every era and in every society.

Functions of Family:
According to Oghbum and Nimkoff, the functions of family can be divided into the following categories:

• Affectional functions
• Economic functions
• Recreational functions
• Protective functions
• Religious functions
• Educational functions

According to Read, the functions of the family are:

• Race perpetuation
• Socialization
• Regulation and satisfaction of the sex needs
• Economic function

According to Maciver and Page, the functions of the family can be divided into two categories:
1. Essential functions
2. Non- essential functions

1. Essential Functions

• Satisfaction of sex needs: This is the first essential function which the family performs. Satisfaction of sex instincts brings the desire of life from the partnership among male and female. The modem family satisfies this instinct to a much greater degree than the traditional family. In the earlier traditional families the sexual act was almost always combined with reproduction and the fear of pregnancy and as a result prevented satisfaction. But in the modem family the invention of contraceptives and use of other birth control measures, places the concerned couple in a better position as it allows for satisfaction of sex instincts without fear of conception.
• Production and rearing of children: The inevitable result of a sexual union is procreation. The task of race perpetuation has always been an important function of the family. It is an institution par excellence for the production and rearing of children. The function of child rearing is better performed today than in the past because now more skill and knowledge are devoted to the care of the unborn and the newborn child.
• Provision of a home: The desire for home is a powerful incentive for a man and a woman to marriage. Man after the hard toil of the day returns home where in the midst of his wife and children he sheds off his fatigue. Though in modem times there are many hotels and clubs which also provide recreation to man, but the joy a man gets within the congenial circle of his wife, parents and children stands far above the momentary pleasure which is provided by clubs and hotels. Inspite of these other recreative agencies, the home is still the heaven and sanctuary where its members find comfort and affection.

2. Non-essential functions
The non- essential functions of a family are the following.

• Economic: The family serves as an economic unit. In the pre-industrial, tribal and agrarian societies unit of production is the family. All members of the family equally contribute to the family occupation, such as cultivation, craft, cottage-industry, cattle-rearing etc. The family provides economic security to its members and looks after their primary needs such as food, security, clothing, shelter and also nurses them in unfavourable conditions.
• Religious: Family is a centre for the religious learning as the children learn from their parents various religious virtues. The religious and moral training of children have always been bound with the home. Though formal religious education starts in the earliest years of schooling,the family still furnishes the matrix of religious idea, attitudes, and practices. It is in the family that the basic notions of God, morality and salvation are acquired during childhood.
• Education: The child learns the first letter under the guidance of the parents. The joint family was the center for vocational education as the children from the early childhood were associated with family tasks. The modem family has delegated the task of vocational education to technical institutes and colleges.
• Social: The family is an important unit of society. It imparts learning to the individual in those subjects that can make him become an ideal member of society. Family carries out socialization of the individual. It also keeps the social heritage intact and hands it over to the generations to come. It is also an agency of social control. The family norms control the  conduct of the individual.
• Psychological: The family also satisfies the psychological and emotional needs of its members. The members get love, sympathy and emotional support in the family.

Classification of Family
Sociologists have classified family on the following basis:

• Size
• Residence
• Ancestors
• Power and authority
• Marriage
• Chronology
• Social ecology

On the basis of size they were divided into:

• Nuclear Family: Where a husband and wife and their biological children live together, it is a nuclear family. The compulsion of living separately in modem industrial environment has fastened the growth of these families.
• Joint Family: Such families include many units of families living together i.e. people of many generations. They all live under one roof, share a common kitchen, have a common economic source. Agrarian economy, traditional social organizations, rural community, religion have played an important role in preserving the joint family system in India.
• Extended Family: In this type of family, there may seem to be small independent units, structurally but functionally they work as one big family sharing a common descent.

Features of Joint Family

• At least three generations living together
• Common ancestors
• Common duties
• Common residence
• Common property
• Common kitchen
• Head of the family-“karta”, and his authority over the family members.
• Traditional occupations

Factors Responsible for Disintegration of Joint Family:

• Industrialization
• Extension of communication and transport
• Decline in agricultural and village trades
• Impact of the west
• Lack of entertainment and recreations
• Fragmentation of land holdings

Residence:
On the basis of residence, there are two types of families:

1. Patrilocal: In these families the bride resides with her husband’s family after marriage. Majority of families in the world belong to this type.
2. Matrilocal: In these families the bridegroom resides with the family of his wife after marriage. This system is prevalent in the Khasi, Garo and Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya.

Ancestors:
On the basis of ancestors, there are two types of family:

1. Patrilineal: In such families the ancestors are men. Most of the families in the world belong to the patrilineal system. Lineage and succession are determined on the basis of the father.
2. Matrilineal: In these families the ancestors are women. The lineage and succession are determined on the basis of the mother.

Power and Authority:
On the basis of power and authority the families are divided into two types:

• Patriarchal: In this type of family, the father is the head of the family and the familial power and authority rest in father.
• Matriarchal: In these families, the familial authority lies with the mother and she is the head of the family.

Basis of Marriage:
On the basis of marriage there are two types of families:
Monogamous:
In this one man is married to one woman i.e. one spouse to each individual.

Polygamous:
In this for every individual more than one spouse is allowed.

• Polygynous: In this a man has more than one wife e.g. Muslims.
• Polyandrous: In this a woman has more than one husband e.g. Kinnaur area, Sherpas etc.

Chronology:

In this there are three types of families:

1. Ancient families
2. Medieval families
3. Modem families

Social Ecology:
On the basis of this there are two families:

• Rural family
• Urban family

Marriage:

• Marriage is an institution which admits men and women to family life. It is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially committed to have children and the right to have children implying the rights to sexual relations.
• Definition: According to Haston and Hanks, “Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons of opposite sex establish a family”.
• According to Nuntberg, “Marriage consists of the rules and regulations which define the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife.”

Characteristics of Marriage:

• Marriage is a specific relationship between two individuals of the opposite sex and it is based on mutual rights and obligations.
• As a system of rules marriage is an institution .The structure of family is built by the mutual relationships of the individuals.
• In Islam, marriage is considered a contract while in Hinduism it is considered to be a sacrament religious activity.
• Marriage regulates sex relationship.
• Procreation, bringing up children, familial love, economic co-operation are other necessary elements of marriage.
• Society institutionally recognizes sexual gratification through marriage. Thus marriage renders sexual gratification patterns based on law.
• The couples fulfil their mutual obligations on the basis of customs or rules accepted by law.
• Validity is given to procreation by marriage. Its aim is to form the family, bring up children and educate them.
• All societies have their own customs and systems of marriage. In almost all societies marriage and religious activities are connected with each other.
• There are certain symbols of marriage such as rings, special clothes, special sings in front of the house, vermilion etc.

Problems related to Marriage:
Various forms, customs and conventions of marriage are prevalent in India based on the religion, caste, tribe, region etc.
Certain problems are common and concerned with the majority of Indian population. Following are the three most striking problems:

• Child Marriage: In the early times children of very small ages were married. The causes for this were many but some have been endogamy,religious conservatism, joint families, sati system, dowry system etc. The Hindu Marriage Act,1955 had fixed the marriageable age for a girl at 18 years and that for a boy at 21 years. Now the situation has improved in urban areas and semi-industrial areas. But it is almost the same in rural areas.
• Widow Remarriage: It was prohibited by the Hindus as it was consideration against the departed soul of the husband.

The restrictions on widow remarriage gave rise to many problems like:

• Immorality among widows
• Sexual exploitation of child widow
• Increase in number of prostitutes
• General lowering of women status in society
• Large scale conversion of Hindu widows to Islam and Christianity.

Widow remarriage is actually not harmful from any angle. It is ethically justified and healthy. It also gives fundamental rights to the young women who have been widowed, disowned by their husbands in the prime of their age. Most of the social reformers fought for widow remarriage. Notable among them were Ishwar Chandra Vidyasager whose effort saw the enactment of the Hindus-Widow Remarriage Act in 1856. This Act legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows.

• Dowry: The dictionary defines dowry as, “the money, goods or estates which a woman brings to her husband in marriage”.

Therefore, dowry refers to the property and amount of money one receives in marriage by the groom’s family. The chief evil of this system lies in the compulsion that is employed to extract these things from the bride’s family much against their capacity, willingness and desire. Ill-fated brides face a lot of atrocities at the hands of their greedy in-laws. Dowry is inhuman, arbitrary and anti-social. Therefore it must be fought from all angles. The efforts of the conscientious people of the society, reformers and women’s liberation groups have led to the forming of anti- dowry law. But even the law has not been able to contain the greed of the dowry demanding people.

Kinship:
Definition: According to Murdock, “Every adult in every human society is generally related to two nuclear families. The first of these is the family in which he is born and which includes his parents, brothers and sisters. The second type of family is that which the individual sets up through marriage and which includes husband, wife and their children. The relationship formed by both these types of family ancestors and successors are called kinship.”
Basis of Kinship
According to Harry M. Johnson, kinship has six important bases:

• Sex: The terms “brother” and “sister” indicate not only the biological relations but also indicate the sex of the blood relation.
• Generation: The terms “father” and “son” indicate two generations on one hand and close blood relation on the other.
• Closeness: The relationship with the son-in- law and father’s sister’s husband is based only on closeness and not on any blood relationship. These relationships are almost as close as the blood relationship, if not closer.
• Blood relation: The kinship based on blood relations is divided into lineage such as grandfather, father, son, grandson etc.
• Division: All kinship relations are generally divided into two branches:
  • Father’s father-paternal grandfather
  • Mother’s father-maternal grandfather
    There are others like brother’s daughter and sister’s daughter, son’s son and daughter’s son.
• Binding thread: The binding thread of certain relations is close e.g. the relationship of a father-in -law is based on the binding thread either of the husband or that of the wife.

Importance of Kinship Relations:
Kinship relations have an important place in the social structure.

• The system of production and consumption, political power and authority are determined in tribal and rural societies through kinship relations.
• On the occasions of marriage and family functions the importance of kinship relations is very great.
• Through kinship it is decided who can marry with whom and where and which marital relationships are taboo.
• Kinship determines the family life, relationships like gotra, kula, clan, etc.
• On the basis of kinship the rights and obligations of the members in all the sacraments and religious practices are determined.
• Kinship reiterates the solidarity relationships.

In kinship system, the behavioural patterns between two relations are determined by certain rules which are called kinship usage. Few of them are as follows:

• Avoidance usage: In some relations a safe distance should be maintained between close relatives e.g. father-in-law, daughter-in-law.
• Joking relationship: The objective of this is development of close relationship e.g. Jija- sali or sala-bahnoi.
• Teknonymy: In order to talk to one person to another person, sign is used as a medium. e.g. in Indian villages wife is not allowed to call her husband so she may address him as Guddu’s papa or if her husband’s name is Surya then she may point out towards the sun to tell her husband’s name.

Understanding Social Institutions:
What is a social institution? :
It is a structure of society that is organized to meet the needs of the people mainly through well established patterns. There are certain rules and regulations and norms in every institution.

Education:

• Emile Durkheim said, “Education is the action exercised by older generations upon those who are not yet ready for social adult life.”
• Education is everlasting and lifelong.
• There is no restriction, everyone can be educated.
• There are two types of education:

Informal: Everything you learn in an informal manner from your family, friends, etc.

• You learn values, norms, customs etc. also from the society.
• It is usually a small group which teaches us in more oral communication.
• This never stops and continues throughout a person’s life.
• It is conveyed through observation, imitation, interactions and doing what others, want you to do.
• Family/friends also teach you manners/etiquettes and teach you how to behave in society.

Formal: Proper rules and regulations, happen in a formal institution with a fixed curriculum.

• Trained professionals, teachers are paid a salary to teach us.
• There are written examinations, infrastructure and facilities.
• It has a clear-cut scheme of teaching and developing knowledge and personality of the student through desired means to achieve a desired goal and there is a written set of aids like books, blackboards etc.
• Involves departing knowledge through systematic and organized mannerisms. — Refers to school and college education-formalized and structured set up.

Objectives of Education (How do you do it?):

• To acquire formal /informal knowledge.
• Mould the personality of the child in moral, social, intellectual aspects.
  Aim (Goal): To integrate you into the society and increase efficiency of individuals to blend into society. Moulds personality of child.

Simple Society (Rural)	Modern Society (Urban)
(i) More informal education.	(i) More formal education.
(ii) Learn mainly from family/elder etc. in the village.	(ii) Learn mainly from teachers, specialized trained people in the town.
(iii)Division of labour is based on age/sex.	(iii) Division of labour is based on qualifications and skills.
(iv) Oral communication.	(iv) Oral and written.
(v) Usually the whole family is involved in the same work i.e. agriculture	(v) Work place and family are separate units.
(vi) Values are laid down by Panchayat (rules/norms).	(vi) Universal values are followed (equality, freedom of expression etc.)

Functions of Education:

• Gives us knowledge
• Communication of information
• Moulds personality and builds character
• Integrates the individual with the society

Socialisation:

• Makes us aware of our environment and surroundings.
• Helps individuals to realize their potential and contribute to society in a meaningful way.
• Contributes to the development (social, economic, political) of a country in all fields.
• Develops a national thinking and reasoning of people due to exposure. It helps totake better decisions.
• Prepares an individual to have a strong footing (base) for a better life.
• Preservation and transmission of culture from generation to generation.
• Education helps in occupational and spatial mobilities (migrate for better jobs etc.)

Religion:
Unified set of beliefs and practices related to sacred things which unite the people into a single moral community. It exists in all society though it varies from region to region,country to country etc.

Features of Religion:

• Belief in supernatural entity: Every religion has its own rituals, beliefs, customs, ceremonies etc. Material objects are offered to God, differing from religion to religion e.g. milk, fruit, money etc. There are a community of believers.
• Every religion has its own ‘sects’.
• Concept of sacredness: All followers have deep faith in God’s blessings and any material object connected with God is considered sacred.
• Almost all religions believe in the concept of heaven, hell and re-incarnation. There are some plants and animals which some religions worship e.g. cow, peepal, tulsi. All the rituals which are connected with religion and their purpose is different from daily habits e.g. you can go to school without a bath but for doing pooja you need to be pure and clean-bathed. There is a feeling of awe, respect and recognition associated with supernatural entity.

Differences between Primitive and Modern Religion:

Primitive Religion	Modern Religion
1. Tribal —when man came into being. Origin can not be traced	1. Origin of religion can be traced. It does not matter how old it is.
2. No particular founder.	2. Founders of religions, Jesus-Christianity, Mahavir-Jainism.
3. No holy book. Transmitted orally through little tradition.	3. There are holy books, knowledge, beliefs are transmitted through texts
4. Descriptive but not explanatory. Usually worship nature and animals, without a reason practised in good faith. They worship those who will give them something.	4. There is an explanation for what we worship. Highly intellectual-details are given for every aspect.
5. It is faith that needs no interrelation,      debate or discussion. It is simple.	5. There are a group of specialists (priests, monks, who devote their lives to propagate and preserve the religious sayings and have debates on it.

Functions of Religion:

• It brings all people together and gives them a sense of unity. It gives them comfort, hope and a support system. It teaches them discipline and compassion.
• It also provides consolation and re-consolation at a time of stress.
• When you confess something to God it gives you a sense of relief and you ask for forgiveness.

Disadvantages of Religion:

• Greater conflict between communities leads to communalism. It can cause communal riots e.g. Gujrat 2002, Hindu- Muslim riots and 1984 Anti Sikh riots.
• Sometimes there may be very orthodox followers (fundamentalists) that can cause harm which leads to clashes between different groups.
• Religion can force you to do things which you do not want to.

Aspects of Religion:

• Personal: The individual practices, customs etc. that a person does on his own. Own set of beliefs related to religion, e.g fasting at home.
• Community: Celebrations or poojas which happen when many people gather together and perform a ritual e.g. celebrating Eid in mosque.

Religion	Place of worship	Holy book	God
Islam	Mosque	The Quran	Allah
Hinduism	Temple	The Bhagvadgeeta
Christianity	Church	The Bible	Jesus
Sikhism
Buddhism
Jainism

Religion And Role:
Religion has a private as well as public role too.

• Private: When the role of religion is restricted to private life and not mixed with public life.
• Secularisation: Importance of religion remains within private life and is not mixed with public life e.g. others can’t be forced to do pooja.
• Public: The participation in all community activities and rituals related to religion is the public role of religion.

Hinduism:
(a) Tenets of Hindusim:

• Dharma
• Karma
• Moksha

(b) Social organisation – Division of society:

• Brahmins
• Kshatriyas
• Shudras
• Vaishyas

(c) Purusarth—What man is supposed to do:

• Dharma – moral duty
• Karma-sexual gratification after marriage
• Artha-eam a livelihood
• Moksha-salvation

(d) Ashramas – Four stages in a man’s life:

1. Brahmacharya – Bachelorhood (get educated at home or in gurukul).
2. Grihastha – To get married, have kids, settle down in a house .
3. Vannprastha – Beginning of retirement life-get ready to move into the forest, finish responsibilities etc. Gradually withdraws from social life.
4. Sanyas – Praying for moksha, complete giving up of materialistic things, living in the forest, waiting for death.

(e) Sacraments/Samaskaras

• Initiation – All ceremonies done when a child is bom e.g. white thread worn by Brahmins, mundan, naamkaran.
• Marriage ceremonies – Rituals etc.
  e.g Sangeet Mehendi, Manjha, Nikah, reception, rings, rokali.
• Death ceremony/anniversary – Chautha. Many rites are performed by the son if father/mother dies to see that the soul rests in peace.

(f) Rituals .

• Life Cycle Rituals: Birth, marriage, death [same as above],
• Domestic Rituals for your family members:
  e.g. Teej, Bhai dooj, Karva Chauth, Raksha Bandhan.
• Annual Rituals-Once a year they are celebrated e.g. Janamashtami, Diwali, Holi.

(g) Pilgrimage-Go to your holy places to wash away sins, fulfill wishes and show your devotion to God.
e.g. Vaishnodevi, Varanasi, Badrinath etc.
Islam – It came to India in 7th century AD. Islam means surrender to God.
Islamisation – Conversion of people into Islam (mostly lower caste did it to avoid discrimination) during the Mughal period.

• HAJJ—It is believed that a person goes on a Hajj to get his sins forgiven by Allah. It has to be performed with sincerity and devotion.
• Ramzan—9th month of the Lunar calender-the holiest month. On the 28/29th day, Eid is celebrated. Men, wpmen and children fast from dawn to dusk. When the new moon is sighted, Eid-ul-fitar is celebrated. Men go to the mosque for community prayers.

Islam has 2 sects:

1. Shias-Imam,
2. Sunni’s-Khalif

Heads. We borrowed a few negative things from Muslims e.g. Parda system. They borrowed caste system from Hindus.

• ‘Ummah’—Totality of the people who are Muslims and who follow the sayings of Prophet Muhammad. It creates an Islamic brotherhood.
• Muslims of the whole world believe in a common God.

Foundations of Islam:

• Quran: The holy book contains the words of Allah which He revealed to Prophet Muhammad. It is considered divine, holy and sacred not only in meaning but also in structure.
  Monetheism: Belief in one God.
• Prophet Muhammad: Considered to be a perfect creation of Allah, perfect human being and the best interpreter of the Quran.
• Hadith: A book of sayings dictated by Prophet Muhammad which includes the recordings of his sayings by his followers. It is a guide for understanding the God’s words in the Quran.
• Shariat: A divine law of Islam. The life of a Muslim (birth and death) is governed by the Shariat (from cradle to grave). It is a book of rules for the Muslims.
• Tariquat: A spiritual path which represents the inner dimensions of Islam. The best examples are the Sufi saints who felt that everyone is equal and truly represented Islam.

Power And Authority:

• Patriarchal: Father is the head of the family and takes all decisions. Final authority is with father.
• Matriarchal: Mother is the head of the family and takes all decisions. Mother is the final authority.
• Marriage: A relationship and bond between spouses, usually a male and female getting married.Family consists of a man and a woman who are married through legal means.

Rules of marriage:

• Endogamous-Marrying within your caste/social group.
• Gotra-Family name.
• Exogamous-Marrying within your caste but outside your Gotra.

Marriage Between Cousins
Cross cousin

• Brother’s and sister’s children get married .
  Daughter ↔ son
  Married
• Brother married ↔ sister, daughter
  [when the boy gets married to his sister’s daughter]

Mother -in-law is the grandson, e.g Andhra Pradesh

Parallel cousin:
Children of two brothers can get married.
Children of two sisters can get married.
— Usually present in Muslim families.

Forms Of Marriage:

• In monogamy, a person has only one spouse at a time. There is only one sexual partner during the entire lifetime. Only after the partner dies/divorced they can marry. It is the only legally accepted form of marriage.
• Polygamy—More than one partners at the same time e.g. Shikhs etc.

It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred thing, uniting into a simple moral community and all those who adhere to those beliefs and practices. Faith in a divine or supreme power and specific rituals are main features of any religion. India being a pluralistic society every one has right to have faith in any religion. Main religions of India are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism etc.

2-sects of Jainism:
(i) Swetambars: White clothed people. They believed that the Tirthankars should be covered with white clothes.

(ii) Digambars: Non clothed people. They believed that Tirthankars should not be covered and left naked.

• They believed in the following:
  • Right faith
  • Right knowledge
  • Right conduct and behavior in society etc.
  • To have faith in the right person.
• They believed in the concept of soul, hell and heaven.
• They believed in fasting to purify body-austerity (being pure) and Ahimsa.
• Fasting and austerity are required for self-purification, mental discipline to obtain self-control and concentration.
• They followed a five fold discipline:
  • Truth
  • Non-violence
  • Honesty
  • Sexual purity
  • Indifference to material gains-keep away from greed-lead a normal life.

Christianity:

• They believe in Jesus Christ.
• Holy book-The Bible
• Place of worship-church.
• The Bible is in two parts-Old and New Testament.
  → The Old Testament (Torah) followed by Jews.
  → New Testament followed by Catholics.
• Does not believe in untouchability or segregation. Therefore, people converted a lot.

Constituents:

• Faith in Jesus Christ as Messenger of God.
•  Active service (Missionaries’ social service).
• Catholics and Protestants—the two categories of followers/believers
• Pope is the supreme religious leader residing in Vatican City-richest religious organisation. Hierarchy followed-Pope-cardinals → Archbishop → Bishop → Priest /Father

These are the ceremonies that are performed by them:

• Baptism: When the child is born, it is a ritual to become a Christian. Catholics and Protestants do it.
• Conformation: It is done when the child is 7 years old. This practice is done in Catholics. Child is taught the main tenets of Christianity and obligations by the priest. After this is done, the child is confirmed by the Bishop. Protestants-Conformation is done when the Protestants are 15 years of age.
• Marriage — Solemnized by the priest
• Death ceremony — Observed by wearing black for a month. Family wears black for a year.

Sikhism:
Originated in India from the Sanskrit word “Shishya”—meaning student.

• Guru Nanak — He founded Sikhism, believed in peace, sang hymns (rhyming songs for nature and God) of love and purity. Believed in universal brotherhood.
• 5th Guru — Gum Arjun Singh compiled the “Gum Granth Sahib” that contains hymns, sayings of the first 5 Gums. He built the Golden Temple at Amritsar. From his time, Sikhism became a militant organisation for protection from outside invasions.
• 10th Guru — Gum Gobind Singh-He converted Sikhs into military community (everyone had to know war skills).

He gave the 5 ‘K’s. Kada, Kesh, Kangha, Kacha and Kirpan (dagger). Their life is carried around Gurudwaras. They pray to the Guru Granth Sahib.

Khalsa and Santanis are the two sects:

• Khalsa: Consider themselves pure. Followers of Guru Gobind Singh. They don’t associate their religion with Hinduism.
• Santanis: Followers of Guru Nanak. They were associated with Hinduism.

Dhamm has four meanings:

• Absolute Truth-have to tell the truth.
• Right Conduct-behave in the right manner.
• Listen to the right doctrine (sayings of doctrine).
• Experience-live and learn from life.

Buddhists believe in four Truths:

• Suffering
• A cause for suffering (desire, expectations).
• Cause of suffering can be removed if you know where you are going wrong.
• A plan or a blueprint can be made to remove the suffering from our lives.

Holy books of Buddhism:

• Vinay Pitak-book of discipline.
• Sulla Pitak-book of sermons.
• Abhidhamm Pitak-book of doctrine.

Buddhism has a eight fold path and if you follow it, it will lead to ‘Moksha’ or Nirvana. The four noble truths and eight fold path is the most important.

Buddh Pumima-Gautam Buddha’s birthday. They also celebrate Holi, Diwali etc.

Economic Institutions:

• To do with money, finances, currency.
• Its the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Also includes market forces.

(A) Sectors

• Primary-agriculture-raw materials.
• Secondary-industries, production.
• Tertiary-services.

There are:

• 1. Public sector sick companies-owned by the government
• 2. Private sector individuals—main aim is profit.

Disinvestment — Selling part of shares of a PSU to the public and private sectors.

• Joint venture-Some companies owned by both govt, and people-separately also.
  MTNL, BSNL (govt.) Airtel, Reliance] (private).

Work — They are not only for livelihood but also for satisfaction. Work involves carrying out tasks which require physical and mental abilities. The concept of work has changed over the years. The courses and streams have also changed. Attention has moved away from primary to secondary and  tertiary sector.

People are more self-motivated and self-oriented. Likewise, in rural societies too, the concept of work has changed. Now instead of manual labour, they use machines, HYV seeds etc.

Types of Economy:

• Capitalist—Private ownership of property mainly for profit, according to demand and supply.
• Socialist—Govt, is incharge, controls everything-only PSU’S govt, controls prices, production and distribution of resources.
• Democratic—Mixed economy. Prices are determined by the market.
  Globalization—Integration of local economy with global economy.
  Liberalization—Economic aspect of globalization .
  • Privatization of companies
  • Removal of barriers with regard to people, technology, commodities, capital.
  • Removal of tarrifs etc.

Political Institutions

• Power is the ability to influence or control the behavior of people.
• The term ‘authority’ is often used for power perceived as legitimate by the social structure.
• Power can be seen as evil or unjust but the exercise of power is accepted as endemic to human and social beings.

While power can be seen as constraining human action, it also makes action possible. It is a complex strategic situation in a given social setting.

Panchayati Raj Institution

• Ambedkar was against it. At first he thought that it would lead to official suppression of the lower castes by the Brahmins.
• Gandhi ji believed in Gram Swaraj. He wanted the whole village to be self-sufficient by giving them vocational training, then they will be independent.
• Democratic Decentralization—Divided power among different governments. Power is not concentrated in the central government. It is distributed at different levels so that the burden of the central government is reduced.
• Three tier system
  • Village level-Gram Panchayat. Lots of villages together form a block .
  • Block level-Block Samiti. Lots of blocks form a district.
  • District level-Zila Parishad.
• All people above 18 years in every village vote for the village panchayat and the head is sarpanch.
• All the members of the village panchayat vote for the Block Samiti (all villages in a block).
• All members of all the Block Samitis vote for the Zila Parishad.

Important terms:

• Authority: It refers to a person who has inherent power to give reward and punishment to subordinates. It is an exercise of influence which is voluntarily accepted by the persons on whom it is exercised.
• Citizen: A member of a political community. Membership includes certain rights and duties to members. ‘
• Civil rights: Freedom to Speech and Religion, Right of Equality, Right to Live, according to one’s choice.
• Endogamy: A marriage practice which occurs within a particular caste, class or tribal group.
• Ideology: Shared ideas or beliefs, which serve to justify the interests of dominant groups. The concept of ideology
• connects closely with that of power.
• Service sector: With the rise of industrialisation, urbanisation, liberalisation and globalisation various forms of work are being provided to people in communication, education, health, transportation, aviation, I.T etc.
• Family: It refers to a group defined by sex, relationship, sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.
• Formal education: Education which is important in a well defined institutional setting like-schools, colleges, universities etc.
• Gender: Culturally determined behaviour regarded as suitable for the members of each sex.
• Ideology: Shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify the interest of dominant groups.
• Polygamy: A marriage practice in which more than one man is married to a woman.
• Polyandry: A marriage practice in which more than one woman is married to a man.
• Social Institution: Structure of society that is organised to meet the needs of the people mainly through well established patterns. There are certain rules, regulations and norms in every institution.
• Capitalism: The economic system bom out of industrialisation that divided the society into two classes—the capitalist and the working class.
• Socialism: An economic system in which production and distribution in a society are collectively owned rather than privately. The main object is to fulfil people’s needs rather than obtain high profits.
• Kinship: Children are exposed to kins and they are expected to be emotionally attached to them. The system of making such close relationship is known as kinship. These relations chronologically depend on heredity. Adopted children become legitimate members of kinship.
• Marriage: Refers to society’s sanction for the establishment of family through procreation.
• Religion: A unified system of beliefs and rituals relative to sacred things, writing into a single moral community.
• Division of Labour: A system of distribution of work among the people based on their skill and competence.
• Monogamy: A man marries only one woman.
• Education: A system of imparting experiences which direct people towards a successful, controlled and systematic life. It is a process to pass one’s knowledge from generation which is essential to the development of culture.
• Formal Education: System of education imparted in a well defined setting like school, college, university. It follows a prescribed syllabus with an objective of all round development in a time bound period.
• Distance Learning: A system of formal education in which students get education at their doorsteps by getting study material through post or e-mail. In India, IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) imparts distance education across the country.
• Elementry Education: Elementry education has four sub-levels:
  • Primary (for 5 years)
  • The middle classes (for 3 years)
  • Secondary or high school (for 2 yrs)
  • Senior secondary level (for another 2 yrs).

Sociology Class 11 Notes

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2014 Term 1

Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum marks: 70

Note : All questions except the following questions have been already asked in the previous sets.

SECTION-B
(READING SKILLS) 20

Question 1.
Read the passage given below carefully: [8]
Postal service had its origin in the necessity of maintaining communications between different parts of an empire. It enabled the emperor to keep a track of all that was happening. Earlier the post was a privilege reserved for kings and emperors alone. Today, it is at the service of the humblest citizen.

All early carrier systems were run along courier routes whether in India, Egypt, China or Great Britain. Now means of communications have improved greatly and air, railway and motor services all play an important role in carrying letters speedily to their destinations. The romance of the post, however, lies in the mail-runners pass through jungles, climb hills, cross rivers, brave wild animals and dacoits to carry your letters safely.

The postal system has been in existence in India since 1296. The Pathan ruler, Alauddin Khilji, had a horse-and-foot postal organisation to receive regular news of the condition and progress of his army. This system was greatly improved during the time of Sher Shah who only reigned for a short time (1541 to 1545). During these five years he built a 2,000-mile road from Bengal to Sind and constructed sarais along the roads. He established horse despatches throughtout the Empire. Two horses were always kept ready at each sarai to ensure the quick transfer to despatches. A further development in the means of transport occurred during the reign of Akbar (1556 to 1605) when camels were used in addition to horses. History alos tells of Raja Chikka Deva of Mysore who organised a regular postal service throughout his dominion in 1672.

The next constructive step was taken by the East India Company who had spread their activities to Madras, Bombay and Calcutta by 1688. A regular exchange of correspondence was necessary, so the East India Company established major post offices at Bomaby and Madras, and smaller ones at various places to receive and despatch letters. Lord Clive improved the postal system in 1766, although it was reserved for govemement use only. It was thrown open to the public in 1774. At that time, the lowest rate of letter postage was 2 annas for every 100 miles. To facilitate the payment of postage a special copper token of the value of 2 annas was struck by the mint.

On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions given below: [1 × 8 = 8]
(a) How did the postal service begin?
(b) What was the advantage of postal service?
(c) How are these services different today?
(d) What difficulties did the mail runners face?
(e) Who was the first person to begin a postal organization?
(f) How did Sher Shah promote postal services?
(g) Name the two places where the first post officers were built?
(h) What was the use of copper token?
Answer:
(a) The postal services begin as there was a need to maintain communication between different parts of an empire.
(b) Postal services enabled the king to keep a track of the happenings in his empire and the progress of his army.
(c) Today, means of communication have improved greatly and air, railway and motor servies play an important role in carrrying letters speedily to their destinations.
(d) The mail-runners used to pass through jungles, climb hills, cross rivers, brave and wild animals and dacoits.
(e) Alauddin Khilji was the first person to begin a postal organization.
(f) Sher Shah promoted postal services by building a 2000-mile road from Bengal to Sind and constructing sarais along the roads.
He also established horsedespatches throughout the Empire.
(g) Bombay and Madras.
(h) It facilitated the payment of postage.

Question 2.
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [12]
The makers of fast foods fed starving soldiers stationed in remote areas, millions of those displaced by natural calamities and silenced hunger pangs of thousands during economic crises. From once being a source of sustenance, instant food—pushed by aggressive advertising—is slowly evolving as a staple diet.

Against the backdrop of Nestle India, maker of Maggi 2-Minute Noddles, being embroiled in a scare over the product allegedly containing dangerously high level of lead, experts also highlighted the lack of nutrition in these products that are increasingly usurping the gastronomic space in the country. “People often think ’ that having instant noddles of cereal in the morning is a wholesome meal. Convenience food need not always be nutritionally sufficient,” expert says.

“They are calorie packed, contain more taste enhancers, little nutrition and lack fibre.

In noodles, for example, the vegetables, which provide fibre, are too fine and they are dehydrated. While eating them once in a while is all right, it could lead to life-long constipation if taken on a regular basis. Most of the processed food have high sodium content. To this, we add sauces, which again have high sodium content. So we are basically stuffing ourselves with a lot of sodium and little else.”

Experts say in several instant food products and breakfast cereals, the health benefits are either destroyed by the manufacturing process or stripped away before it is consumed. When manufacturers speak of ‘value-added’ products, they seldom look at the nutrition side, and instead look for ways to add cost to things by creating convenience. While several countries are reverting to their traditional cuisine, India is increasingly absorbing instant breakfast.

Consumer activists have asked the government to strengthen policy guidelines and make nutrition-fact labelling mandatory in India. ‘Right not, it is mandatory for food , products to only include the ingredients and composition. We still have a long way to go before including the nutritional content,” said former director, Food Safety and Standards Authority in India.
(a) On what kind of food do people survive in emergency? [2 × 4 = 8]
(b) Why was Nestle India in trouble about their popular product?
(c) Why is it not advisable to consume instant food daily?
(d) How can we make people aware of food safety and its nutritional content
(e) Choose the best options: [1 × 4 = 4]
1. A word which means, ‘distant’
(i) staple
(ii) instant
(iii) remote
(iv) sustenance
2. A word which means to remove water from something’ is:
(i) dehydrate
(ii) gastronomic
(ii) convenience
(iv) wholesome
3. The synonyms for returning to original / going back:
(i) instant
(ii) reverting
(iii) processed
(iv) stuffing
4. The antonym of ‘optional / volunteer’ is
(i) strengthen
(ii) ingredients
(iii) mandatory
(iv) nutritional
Answer:
(a) In emergencies, people survive on instant food which can be cooked easily.
(b) Nestle India was introuble because their popular product contained dangerously high levels of lead.
(c) Instant food could lead to life long constipation if consumed daily as it contains high sodium content.
(d) We have to strengthen policy guidelines and make nutritions-facts labelling mandatory for food products in India in order to make people aware of the product’s safety and its nutrional content.
(e) 1. (iii) remote
2. (i) dehydrate
3. (ii) reverting
4. (iii) mandatory

SECTION-B
(WRITING SKILLS WITH GRAMMAR) 25

Question 3.
Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the ever increasing problems of traffic jams in 100-120 words. Give suggestions that school students and other young people to use cycles instead of scooty, bike or cars. You are Sneh/Sneha [5]
OR
Write an article in 100-120 words on the topic ‘Clean City Campaign’ in your school.
Answer:
31-C, Mayur Vihar
New Delhi
20 November 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Delhi
Sub : Use of cycles to Avoid Traffic Jams.
Sir,
Through the esteemed columns of your newspaper, I seek to draw the attention of the school children to use cycles instead of going to school in cars, on bikes etc. Due to over¬crowded roads and traffic jams, it is very difficult to travel to school. As we all know the air quality has reached a very dangerous level and its causing lung diseases among the students. Further, cycling promotes good physical exercise which is a must for growing children.
Using cycles is very benefical for the air quality smooth traffic and physical health. If the school authorities take a strict action against the pollution-creating vehicles used for school and take his initiative seriously our young generation would be hale and hearty.
Thanking You
Your truly
Sneh/Sneha
OR
CLEAN CITY CAMPAIGN
By x y z
On 2nd Oct, 2014, the Prime Minister of India started “Clean City Campaign” urging the people maintain cleanliness in their houses, offices, institutes, markets, roads and other public places.

Our school also organised this purposeful campaign to highlight the need to live in clean and hygienic conditions. The principal of our school formed a committee of dedicated and active teachers who selected volunteers in the morning assembly. These volunteers were further divided into three groups. The taksforce, the watchdog and the campaigners. The campaigners prepared posters, charts, models and presented cultural programmes in the morning assembly. The taskforce was given the charge of cleaning the classrooms and corridors. The watchdogs supervised the work accomplished by the other two groups.

Thus, the volunteers worked on warfooting level and soon the whole school bore a different look—free from dust and garbage. The foul smell of decayed leaves and filhy washrooms was changed to the fragrance of flowers.

Through various awareness programmes, the students were trained to live in clean surroundings and hygienic conditions.

Question 4.
Complete the following story in 150-200 words: [10]
Roshan was about to leave the platform, when suddenly he saw a young child following him. He thought that boy to be a beggar and offered him a one-rupee coin. The boy refused to accept the money and followed him further. Roshan was shocked to see the boy
Answer:
Roshan was about the leave the platfrom, when suddenly he saw a young child following him. He thought that boy to be a beggar and offered him a one-ruppee coin. The boy refused to accept the money and followed him further. Roshan was shocked to see the boy. The boy refused to accept the money saying that he was not a beggar. Roshan asked him how could he help him? The boy told him that his name was Kamal and he had come to Delhi with his father. His father went to attend a meeting, so he left him in a park outside his office. He started playing there. Soon he started running for a kite and unfortunately lost track of his father’s office. Then he got worried because it was getting darker.

Roshan took him to the police station. In the police station, the child rushed towards a man who was sitting there already. The man was Kamal’s father. Kamal started crying on seeing his father. His father told everyone that the child was eager to see a big city, so he had brought him to Delhi. He got scared to know that he had lost his son in such a big city but thankfully, he found Kamal back safe and sound.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
When we decided (a) ….. (move) to the hills our first thoughts (b) ….. (be) focused on our strengths. The transition to the rocky terrain was as smooth (c) …… it could be. [1 × 3 = 3]
Answer:
(a) to move
(b) were
(c) as

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the incorret word and the correction in the blank spaces. The first one has been done as an example : [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

SECTION-C
(LITERATURE TEXTBOOK AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
I looked at the compass. I couldn’t believe my eyes: the compass was turning round and ’ round, it was dead and would not work! The other instruments were suddenly dead, too. I tried the radio.

Paris Control? Paris Control? ‘Can you hear me’? There was no answer. The radio was dead too. I had no radio, no campass and I could not see where I was. I was lost in the storm. Then in the black clouds quite near me, I saw another aeroplane. It had no lights on its wings, but i could see it flying next to me ’through the storm.
(a) Why could the pilot not believe his eyes?
(b) What major problems did he face?
(c) Why did he try to contact ‘Paris control’
OR
Some say the world will end in fire
some say in ice.
From what I have tasted of desire I hold with these who favour fire?
(a) What do ‘fire’ and ‘ice’ stand for?
(b) What is the rhyming scheme of the stanza?
(c) Why does the poet hold with those who favour fire?
Answer:
(a) The pilot could not believe his eyes because his compass was not showing direction. It was out of order and was going round and round.
(b) All the major instruments of his aeroplane were dead. He had no radio, no compass and he could not even see where he was. He was lost in the storm.
(c) He tried to contact’ Paris control’ because he was helpless as all the instruments of his aeroplane failed.
OR
(a) ‘fire’ stands for vitality and ‘ice’ stands for ‘indifference / cold behaviour.
(b) The rhyming scheme is a, b, a, a.
(c) The poet hold with those who favour fire because they are optimist and have high hopes in life.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each : [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) Why did the postmaster reply to Lencho’s letter
(b) WhydoesMandelathanktheintemational leaders?
(c) How did Max avoid the police?
(d) What made the boys follow the footprints?

Question 10.
Answer the following question in 80-100 words : [4]
On the basis of story ‘A Question of Trust’ what suggestions would you give to your friend who is going to his grandfather’s hous during summer vacations so that any clever theif like Horace Danby may not enter his house to steal in his absence.
OR
Many students make fun of other students who are different from them like in colour, weight, height, money or any other way. Express your views on the topic ‘Bullying in Schools’ to ensure that the victim students does not have to leave school like Wanda.

Question 11.
Answer the following question in 100-120 words :** [10]
Write the character sketch of Helen, the young girl.
OR
Write the character sketch of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell.
OR
Write the character sketch of Mr. Otto Frank.
OR
What kind of life did the inmates lead in the Secret Annexe?

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2015 Delhi Term 2

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2015 Delhi Term 2 Set-I

Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum Marks : 70

Note : All questions except the following questions been already asked in the previous sets.

SECTION – B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 3.
One of the key messages of the Prime Minister’s Independence Day speech was ‘Clean India’. The Government has taken an initiative for cleaning the rivers especially ‘The Ganges’. The Government has also urged the people of India to realise the dream of ‘Clean India’.Write an article in 100 – 120 words mentioning the measures people can take for a cleaner and greener India. [5]
Answer:
A CLEANER GREENER INDIA
By xyz
Our prime minister’s speech on Independence day was basically based on cleaner and greener India. He has especially taken an initiative to clean the Ganges which is one of the most important water ways of India. Steps the inception of the project a lot of positive stpes have been taken. Many of the bathing ghats have been spruced up. In fact, the city of Vamasi it self has a new look. However, a similar initiative must have been taken all along the river front, including places like Kanpur and Allahabad. First of all, people should develop the ‘civic sense’. People should be taught to think beyond their homes. They should have feeling of patriotism. A fine must imposed on those who deface the river. NGO’s could be roped in to contirbute to the cleaning mission.
It is the time that we should take concrete measures to revive the ancient glory of India. Our motherland India must beckon to other countries as a model of progress and development. Let’s build up a clean and green India.

Question 4.
Complete the story in 150 – 200 words which starts like this : [1 × 10 = 10]
“It was a quite, cold and dark night like it usually is in winter when all retire to bed early. Suddenly at the dead of night, a shriek j erked the people in the building out of their beds. It was distinctly the voice of ……”
OR
You have been preparing for the National Talent Search Examination for the last one year and have got a very good rank. Write your story in 150 – 200 words using the following cues.
humble family background – ambition to be something – scholarship, a means to that – preparation help from the teachers – use of Library – examination result.
Answer:
It was a quite, cold and dark night like it usually is in winter when all retire to bed early. Suddenly, at the dead of night, a shreik jerked the people in the building out of their beds. It was distinctly the voice of a ghostly creature who seemed to have come to haunt the house.
My mother and father heard the voice and were terribly shaken. They tried to calm us and made us sleep. However, all the neighbours came rushing and curious to find out whose voice it was. The whole experience was uncanny and frightening.

People in fear ran downstairs. There was an absolute pandemonium especially near the lifts, wanting to go to the ground floor. Finally, two of the residents caught the mysterious figure. It turned out to be an eight year old boy who was playing a mischievous prank to scare the residents.
Moral: Look Before You Leap.
OR
I belong to a very poor family. My parents have not had the benefit of an education and are humble labourers. Their only dream was to see me well placed in a good job. They worked overtime in order to fulfill my coveted dream — to crack the National Talent Search Examination.

‘ I burnt the midnight oil and worked all through the night. My hard work paid off and I secured consistly good marks. This made my parents smile.

I could not afford to go for tuitions. However, I was more than lucky that I had a good teacher to help me. Mrs. Seth clarified my doubts and helped me in every possible way. Another advantage I had was the access to a well stocked library. It was close to my house and the librarian Mrs. Seema was very helpful.

I was nervous and apprehensive on the day of the exam. With all my painstaking preparation the paper was well-done. After the result announced. I got to know that I was among the top 10 candidates who qualified the exam. I was on cloud nine.

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate options from the ones that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
Today a good (a) ___ varieties of tea and tea brands are available in the market. Green tea is popular (b) ___ China and the Far East. In Japan, the tea ceremony is a traditional way of greeting guests, (c) ___ is a social occasion.
(a)
(i) very
(ii) many
(iii) much
(iv) more
(b)
(i) on
(ii) at
(iii) in
(iv) for
(c)
(i) and
(ii) it
(iii) both
(iv) this
Answer:
(a) many
(b) in
(c) and

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer- sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences. [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an exmaple, beach vacations/ was / an attraction/ coconut water/ long ago/ during Example—Long ago coconut water was an attraction during beach vactions.
(a) these days/ of trade / Delhi/ for / has become/ but / a centre / tender coconuts /
(b) its demand/ value / due to / has increased / of the fruit / the food
(c) has been fuelled/ by growing awareness/ the demand/ health benefits/ coconut water’s / of
Answer:
(a) But Delhi has become a centre of trade for tender coconuts these days.
(b) Its demand has increased due to the food value of the fruit.
(c) The demand has been fuelled by growing awareness of coconut water’s health benefits.

SECTION – C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. [1 × 3 = 3]
“Don’t you want to have a look at the sights, now that you’re here ?
“All by myself ? Oh, I’d be much too afraid.” Greatly amused by the girl’s way of speaking, the conductor said, “But you weren’t afraid to come in the bus.”
“Nothing to be afraid of about that, “she answered.
(a) Who is the ‘girl’ mentioned in the passage ?
(b) Why didn’t she get off the bus when she reached her destination ?
(c) Write the meaning of the word, “amused.”
OR
So I rejoiced one day when they sent me out forty miles in the country, to a town called New Mullion, to serve summons on a man called Oliver Lutkins.
(a) Who is’I’?
(b) Why was T sent to New Mullion ?
(c) What does the word, ‘rejoiced’ mean ?
Answer
(a) The girl mentioned is Valli, a eight-year-old girl.
(b) Valli only wanted the experience of travelling in a bus. She boarded it and stayed in it for the return journey.
(c) caused to laugh at / delighted / pleased charmed.
OR
(a) ‘I’ refers to the lawyer — the author — Sinclair Lewis.
(b) ‘I ‘ was sent to New Mullion to serve summons on a man called Oliver Lutkins who lived 40 miles away in the country. He was needed as a witness in a law case.
(c) felt happy / great joy.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30 – 40 words each: [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) Why was Kisa Gotami sad ? What did she do in her hour of grief ?
(b) What special characteristic of Mijbil did Maxwell learn after he took him to the bathroom ?
(c) For what unusual reasons was Bholi sent to school ?
(d) Do you think M. Loisel had an enjoyable evening at the ball ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
(a) Kisa Gotami was sad because she had lost her only son. She carried the dead child to all the neighbours asking them for medicine to cure her child.
(b) When Maxwell took Mijbil to the bathroom, he was plainly delighted. For half an hour he went wild with joy in the water. He plunged and rolled in it making enough slosh and splash for a hippo. Olters believe that water must be kept on the move and made to do things; when static it is wasted and provoking.
(c) Bholi was sent to school as she had ugly face, lack of sense and little chance of her getting married.
(d) No M. Loisel did not have an enjoyable evening at the ball, rather he was quite bored with the ball, as he had been half asleep in one of the little salons since midnight with three other gentlemen whose wives were enjoying themselves very much.

Question 10.
Answer the following question in 80-100 words: [1 × 4 = 4]
“Never mind,” she said, “I can get on by myself.” “You don’t have to help me, “said Valli to the conductor. She shows extraordinary courage in making the bus journey all alone. Taking inspiration from Valli’s character, write how ability and courage to take rist are essential to fulfill one’s dream.
OR
“Put the fear out of your heart and you will be able to speak like anyone else.” These words of encouragement from the teacher highlight that change of social attitude and encouragement can help a child like Bholi to become confident and face the world bravely. Taking help from the lesson, ‘Bholi’ write how the social attitude towards Bholi made her an introvert. What should be done to help such children to face the world bravely ?
Answer:
Valli was an eight year old girl and was very curious about the world around her. She sat at the front door of her house watching all the different activities. She did not have friends of her own age.

One of the things that fascinated her the most was the bus that travelled between her village and the nearest town. She saw new passengers in it every day. She was so obsessed by it that she wanted to get an opportunity to travel in it. The town was six miles away from the village and the fare was thirty rupees. She stopped the bus and had the joy ride. The conductor was really sweet to her and called her ‘madam’. She travelled back in the same bus.

Valli’s experience illustrates that if we have a dream and work towards it we will be successful. It only requires courage to face all risks and odds just like Valli did.
OR
Bholi was the youngest child of Ramlal, a revenue official in a village. Bholi was not very good looking and had pock marks all *, over her face. She also used to stammer badly. On the insistence of the Tehsildar, Ramlal was forced to put his daughter to study in the village school.Bholi was naturally very shy and would not open up.

However, a kind teacher helped Bholi to open up. She aksed her to be fearless and then she would be able to express hereself.
It was the social attitude of the family that made Bholi and introvert. The family believed that she had no looks as there were pock marks all over her face. She could not speak till she was five and when she began to speak she stammered. As a result, she talked very little. The other, children in the family were good looking and healthy.

Children like Bholi need to be given confidence. They must be encouraged to open up by teachers and parents. The peer group should be encouraged to play with them. Kind words, love and sympathetic pat help them to regain confidence, unable then to compete with others, ultimately help them become socially acceptable.

Question 11.
Answer the following in 150 – 200 words : [1 × 10 = 10]
What happened when the Nazis found Anne and her family hiding in the Secret Annexe ? Give a brief description of Anne and her family after the arrest.
OR
Anne wrote, ‘One day we’re laughing at the comical side of hiding, and the next day we’re frightened and the fear, tension and despair can be read on our faces.’**
Give two examples of each — laughter and fear from the diary entries of May 1944.** OR
How did Mr. Keith contribute to the intellectual enrichment of Helen ?**
OR
Why did Helen not like examinations ?**

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2015 Delhi Term 2 Set-II

Note : All questions except the following questions have been already asked in the previous sets.

SECTION – B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate words from the given options : [1 × 3 = 3]
We are living in a world (a) ___ every girl wants to be a diva and every boy (b) ___ to be called a dude. Today your social acceptance is measured by your friends’s list (c) ___ a social networking site.
(a)
(i) by
(ii) that
(iii) where
(iv) the
(b)
(i) desire
(ii) desires
(iii) desiring
(iv) desired
(c)
(i) in
(ii) on
(iii) at
(iv) for
Answer:
(a) where
(d) desires
(c) on

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an example. Kamatak, / the tender coconut / and Gujarat / comes / West Bengal / into Delhi / from /
Example—The tender coconut comes into Delhi from Karnatak, West Bengal and Gujarat.
(a) /extremely popular /high /due to/ nutritional value / its / has become / the coconut water /
(b) / market for / coconut water is / about Rs. 20/ selling in the / now fresh
(c) / the cost / the consumers / coconut water / don’t mind / of fresh
Answer:
(a) The coconut water has become extremely popular due to its high nutritional value.
(b) Now fresh coconut water is selling in the market for about Rs. 20.
(c) The consumers don’t mind the cost of fresh coconut water.

SECTION-C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. [1 × 3 = 3]
Mark! while relatives are looking on and lamenting deeply, one by one mortals are carried off, like an ox that is led to the slaughter. So the world is afflicted with death and decay, therefore the wise do not grieve, knowing the terms of the world.
(a) What is the fate of mortals ?
(b) Why do the wise not grieve ?
(c) Write the meaning of the word, ‘lamenting’.
OR
Little Sulekha could not speak till she was five, and when at last the learnt to speak, she stammered. The other children often made fun of her and mimicked her.
(a) What did Sulekha later on come to be known as ?
(b) Why did children make fun of her ?
(c) What does the word, ‘mimicked’ mean ?
Answer:
(a) The fate of mortals of that all of us have to bow down to death some day.
(b) The wise do not grieve because they know death is certain, death is universal.
(c) Mourning
OR
(a) Sulekha came to be known as Bholi which means simpleton as she remained a backward child.
(b) The children made fun of her as she began to speak she stammered.
(c) Initated, ridiculed, copied the gesture.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30 – 40 words each. [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) The people of Coorg have a tradition of courage and bravery. How has it been recognised in modem India ?
(b) What guesses did the Londoners make about what Mijbil was ?
(c) How did the hackdriver be fool the lawyer ?
(d) How did the Loisels react when they realised that the necklace had been lost ?
Answer:
(a) The people of Coorg have a tradition of courage and bravery. The Coorg regiment is one of the most decorated in the Indian army. The first chief of the Indian Army was a Coorgi — General Cariappa. Kodavus are the only people in India to be allowed to carry fire arms without licence.
(b) The Londoners thought Mijbil was a baby seal and a squirrel. Some thought it was a walrus, a hippo, a beaver, a bear, a leopard and a brontosaur.
(c) The hack driver took the lawyer for a literal ride all over the place. Pretending to know Lutkins as he took him to the Fritz’s Gustaff’s barber shop, Gray’s barber shop and Lutkin’s mother’s house.
Though, he was Lutkins himself but still he pretended to be Bill Magnuson, a hack driver.
(d) Initially the husband dictated a letter to Mme Forestier that she had broken the clasp of the diamond necklace and would return in a week.

After a week they decided to replace the necklace and bought a new one — which looked a little like the original for 36,000 francs. Both of them slaved and worked hard to repay the loan that they had taken.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2015 Delhi Term 2 Set-III

SECTION – B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate , words from the given options: [1 × 3 = 3]
There are brids and animals that feed (a) ….. dead or injured animals and plants. The moment they get nature’s warning signal-odour-they quickly (b) ….. to the scene. They break down the organic material into smaller pieces, (c) ….. are then broken down into chemical parts.
(a)
(i) on
(ii) from
(iii) among
(iv) at
(b)
(i) comes
(ii) came
(iii) come
(iv) coming
(c)
(i) who
(ii) whom
(iii) which
(iv) what
Answer:
(a) on
(b) come
(c) which

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences. [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an example, gets / tender coconuts /10-15 truck loads / Delhi / of / dialy
Example—Delhi gets 10-15 truck loads of tender coconuts dialy.
(a) /its demand / the craze for / during summer / fresh coconut water / pushes up/
(b) / nutritional value / coconut water / the idea behind / is its high / the popularity of /
(c) / its sweet water / in the city / that it is sold / is so popular / like any other fruit /
Answer:
(a) The craze for fresh coconut water pushes its demand during summer.
(b) The idea behind the popularity of coconut water is its high nutritional value.
(c) Its sweet water is so popular that it is sold like any other fruit in the city.

SECTION – C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow. [1 × 3 = 3]
Early in the New Year of 1956 I travelled to Southern Iraq. By then it had crossed my mind that I should like to keep and otter instead of a dog, and that Camusfearna, ringed by water a stone’s throw from its door, would be an eminently suitable spot for this experiment.
(a) What ‘experiment’ did Maxwell think Camusfeama would be suitable for ?
(b) Why was it a suitable spot for his experiment ?
(c) Write the meaning of the phrase, ‘crossed my mind’.
OR
The day of the ball approached and Mme Loisel seemed sad, disturbed, anxious. Nevertheless, her dress was nearly ready.
(a) Why was Mme Loisel sad and disturbed ?
(b) Why did she get a dress ready ?
(c) What is a ‘ball’?
Answer:
(a) Maxwell thought that Camusferma would be ideal for getting an otter to adopt as a pet.
(b) It was a suitable spot because it was ringed by water as stone’s throw from its door.
(c) a thought come to his mind.
OR
(a) Mme Loisel was sad and disturbed as she felt that she did not have any good jewellery to wear for the ball.
(b) She got a dress ready to attend the ball.
(c) formal social gathering for dancing.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each. [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) What did the Buddha want Kisa Gotami to understand ?
(b) Which season is the best to visit Coorg ?
(c) Why did Bishamber’s marriage with Bholi not take place ?
(d) What was the cause of Matilda’s ruin ?
Answer:
(a) Buddha wanted Kisa Gotami to understand that death is inevitable. There is no use of lamenting over it but be wise to accept it as a fact of life.
(b) The best season to visit Coorg is from September to March. The weather is perfect with a few shower and the smell of invigorating coffee.
(c) Bisamber’s marriage with Bholi did not take place because of his greed for money. He asked for 5000 rupees as dowry because the girl Bholi had pock marks on her face. Bholi said that she would not marry such a mean, greedy and contemptible coward and she threw the garland into the fire.
(d) Matilda borrowed a necklace from her friend Mme Forestier for the ball. She however lost it. She had to repay a big loan. Her life was ruined by working hard day in and out to cover the huge loan which her husband was forced to take.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers

Class 11 Geography NCERT Solutions Chapter 14 Movements of Ocean Water

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 NCERT Textbook Questions Solved.

1. Multiple choice questions.

Question 1(i).
Upward and downward movement of ocean water is known as the:
(a) Tide
(b) Current
(c) Wave
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Tide

Question 1(ii).
Spring tides are caused:
(a) As result of the moon and the sun pulling the earth gravitationally in the same direction.
(b) As result of the moon and the sun pulling the earth gravitationally in the opposite direction.
(c) Indention in the coast line.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) As result of the moon and the sun pulling the earth gravitationally in the same direction.

Question 1(iii).
The distance between the earth and the moon is minimum when the moon is in:
(a) Aphelion
(b) Perigee
(c) Perihelion
(d) Apogee.
Answer:
(b) Perigee

Question 1(iv).
The earth reaches its perihelion in:
(a) October
(b) September
(c) July
(d) January.
Answer:
(d) January

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

Question 2(i).
What are waves?
Answer:
Waves are oscillatory movements in water, manifested by an alternate rise and fall of the sea surface. In other words, waves are actually the energy, not the water as such, which moves across the ocean surface. Water particles only travel in a small circle as a wave passes. The maximum wave height is determined by the strength of the wind, i.e. how long it blows and the area over which it blows in a single direction. Waves travel because wind pushes the water body in its course while gravity pulls the crests of the waves downward. The falling water pushes the former troughs upward, and the wave moves to a new position. The actual motion of the water beneath the waves is circular. It indicates that things are earned up and forward as the wave approaches, and down and back as it passes.

Question 2(ii).
Where do waves in the ocean get their energy from?
Answer:
Wind provides energy to the waves. Wind causes waves to travel in the ocean and the energy is released on shorelines. The motion of the surface water seldom affects the stagnant deep bottom water of the oceans. As a wave approaches the beach, it slows down. This is due to the friction occurring between the dynamic water and the seafloor. Waves continue to grow larger as they move and absorb energy from the wind. Most of the waves are caused by the wind driving against water. When a breeze of two knots or less blows over calm water, small ripples form and grow as the wind speed increases until white caps appear in the breaking waves.

Question 2(iii).
What are tides?
Answer:
The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. Tides vary in their frequency, direction and movement from place to place and also from time to time.

Question 2(iv).
How are tides caused?
Answer:
Tides are caused by:

• The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent
• The sun’s gravitational pull to some extent are the major causes for the occurrence of tides.
• Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter balance the gravity.

Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth. On the side of the earth facing the moon, a tidal bulge occurs while on the opposite side though the gravitational attraction of the moon is less as it is farther away, the centrifugal force causes tidal bulge on the other side. The ‘tide-generating’ force is the difference between these two forces; i.e. the gravitational attraction of the moon and the centrifugal force.

Question 2(v).
How are tides related to navigation?
Answer:
Since tides are caused by the earth- moon-sun positions which are known accurately, the tides can be predicted well in advance. This helps the navigators and fishermen plan their activities. Tidal flows are of great importance in navigation. Tidal heights are very important, especially harbours near rivers and within estuaries having shallow ‘bars’ at the entrance, which prevent ships and boats from entering into the harbour. Kolkata port on Hugli river is an example for it.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

Question 3(i).
How do currents affect the temperature? How does it affect the temperature of coastal areas in the N. W. Europe?
Answer:
Impact of currents on temperature varies depending on whether currents are warm or cold.

1. Cold currents: Cold currents bring cold water into warm water areas. These currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes (true in both hemispheres) and on the east coast in the higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

2.  Warm currents: Warm currents bring warm water into cold water areas and are usually observed on the east coast of continents in the low and middle latitudes (true in both hemispheres). In the northern hemisphere they are found on the west coasts of continents in high latitudes.

In North West Europe, warm currents exist. They increase the temperature in coastal areas of N. W. Europe.

Question 2(ii).
What are the causes of currents?
Answer:
Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans. They are caused by two types of forces namely:

1. Primary forces that initiate the movement of water;
2. Secondary forces that influence the currents to flow.

Primary Forces: The primary forces that influence the currents are:

• Heating by solar energy: Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.
• Wind: Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course.
• Gravity: Gravity tends to pull the water down the pile and create gradient variation.
• Coriolis force: The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. These large accumulations of water and the flow around them are called Gyres. These produce large circular currents in all the ocean basins.

PROJECT WORK

(i) Visit a lake or a pond and observe the movement of waves. Throw a stone and notice how waves are generated.
(ii) Take a globe and a map showing. The currents of the oceans. Discuss why certain currents are warm or cold and why they deflect in certain places and examine the reasons.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 NCERT Extra Questions

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere?
(a) Farrell law
(b) The Coriolis force
(c) Gravitational force
(d) Effect of rotation of the earth.
Answer:
(b) The Coriolis force

Question 2.
Primary force which affects the ocean currents:
(a) Heating by solar energy
(b) Wind
(c) Gravity
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
What is the time between the high tide and low tide, when the water level is falling, is called?
(a) Ebb
(b) Waves
(c) Currents
(d) Gyres.
Answer:
(a) Ebb

Question 4.
The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. These large accumulations of water and the flow around them are called what?
(a) Ebb
(b) Waves
(c) Currents
(d) Gyres.
Answer:
(d) Gyres

Question 5.
What per cent of ocean water is in the form of deep water currents?
(a) 50%
(b) 60%
(c) 80%
(d) 90%.
Answer:
(d) 90%

Question 6.
To what depth exist the upper layer of ocean stream?
(a) 200 metres
(b) 300 metres
(c) 40 metres
(d) 500 metres.
Answer:
(d) 500 metres

Question 7.
What is the name given to movement of water due to metrological effects?
(a) Surges
(b) Tides
(c) Waves
(d) Currents.
Answer:
(a) Surges

Question 8.
What is the name given to time when the distance between the earth and the moon is minimum?
(a) Aphelion
(b) Perigee
(c) Perihelion
(d) Apogee.
Answer:
(6) Perigee

Question 9.
The heights and lowest points of a wave are called_______and_________.
(а) Crest and trough
(b) Trough and crest
(c) Edd and surge
(d) Surge and ebb.
Answer:
(a) Crest and trough

Question 10.
How much time interval normally exist between neap tides and spring tides?
(a) 7 days
(b) 10 days
(c) Two weeks
(d) One month.
Answer:
(a) 7 days

Question 11.
What percent of ocean water is in the form of surface currents?
(a) 50%
(b) 40%
(c) 20%
(d) 10%.
Answer:
(d) 10%

Question 12.
It is the horizontal distance between two successive crests.
(a) Wave speed
(b) Wave length
(c) Wave frequency
(d) Wave gap.
Answer:
(b) Wave length

Question 13.
Where do highest tide occur in the world?
(a) Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada
(b) Bay of Hudson in USA
(c) Bay of Bengal in India
(d) Arabian Sea.
Answer:
(a) Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Question 14.
What is the unit for measuring speed of waves?
(a) Km
(b) Knot
(c) Cm
(d) Millibars.
Answer:
(b) Knot

Question 15.
At which place is being a 3 watt electric generating plant established in Sundarban in West Bengal?
(a) Durgaduani
(b) Haldia
(c) Ganga
(d) 24 pargana.
Answer:
(a) Durgaduani

Question 16.
Which of the following is not a primary force which affects ocean currents?
(а) Heating by solar energy
(b) Wind
(c) Gravity
(d) Debilitation.
Answer:
(d) Debilitation

Question 17.
Those tides whose length varies are called what?
(a) Spring tides
(b) Neap tides
(c) Mixed tides
(d) High tides.
Answer:
(d) Mixed tides

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which forces influence the movement of ocean water?
Answer:
The external forces like of the sun, moon and the winds influence the movement of ocean water.

Question 2.
What types of movements take place in ocean water.
Answer:
The horizontal and vertical motions are common in ocean water bodies. The horizontal motion refers to the ocean currents and waves. The vertical motion refers to tides.

Question 3.
Explain different types of vertical movement in the ocean water.
Answer:
The vertical motion refers to the rise and fall of water in the oceans and seas. Due to attraction of the sun and the moon, the ocean water is raised up and falls down twice a day. The upwelling of cold water from subsurface and the sinking of surface water are also forms of vertical motion of ocean water.

Question 4.
How are ripples formed?
Answer:
When a breeze of two knots or less blows over calm water, small ripples form and grow as the wind speed increases until white caps appear in the breaking waves.

Question 5.
How do steep and steady waves form?
Answer:
Steep waves are fairly young ones and are probably formed by local wind. Slow and steady waves originate from far away places, possibly from another hemisphere.

Question 6.
What factors cause tides?
Answer:
The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent and to a lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull, are the major causes for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter balance the gravity. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth.

Question 7.
Where does highest tide occur in the world?
Answer:
The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay ofFundy in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Question 8.
What are Semi-diurnal tides?
Answer:
The most common tidal pattern, featuring two high tides and two low tides each day. The successive high or low tides are approximately of the same height.

Question 9.
What are Diurnal tides?
Answer:
There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day. The successive high and low tides are approximately of the same height.

Question 10.
What is a Mixed tide?
Answer:
Tides having variations in height are known as mixed tides. These tides generally occur along the west coast of North America and on many islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Question 11.
What are Spring tides?
Answer:
The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher. These are called spring tides.

Question 12.
What are neap tides?
Answer:
When the sun and moon are at right angles to each other and the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. These are called neap tides.

Question 13.
Define ocean currents.
Answer:
Ocean currents are the continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction. Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans. They represent a regular volume of water in a definite path and direction.

Question 14.
How are fishing and oceanic currents related?
Answer:
The mixing of warm and cold currents help to replenish the oxygen and favour the growth of planktons, the primary food for fish population. The best fishing grounds of the world exist mainly in these mixing zones.

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do ocean currents affect the climate? Explain.
Answer:
Effects of currents influenced by temperature.

• Warm currents makes the place warmer where as the cold currents makes the place colder. Example, Warm currents of Koroshio makes the southern Japan less cold in winter whereas the cold current of Koroshio makes the winter longer and severe in north Japan.
• Winds passing over warm currents absorbs lot of moisture and cause heavy rainfall in coastal areas. On the other hand winds passing over long currents do not get any warm currents as such, they make the climate of coastal areas dry. This is the reason why hot deserts are located near the coastal areas from where the cold current passes.
• The places where cold current and warm current near the coastal areas are found in abundance are rich fishing ground. For example, Newfoundland, the east coast of North America where Labrador current and Gulf stream meet.

Question 2.
Explain different types of ocean currents.
Answer:
On the basis of depth:

• Surface currents constitute aboutlO percent of all the water in the ocean. These water are the upper 400 m of the ocean.
• Deep water currents make up the other 90 percent of the ocean water.

Deep waters sink into the deep ocean basins at high latitudes, where the . temperatures- are cold enough to cause the density to increase.
On the basis of temperature:

• Cold currents: Cold currents bring cold water into warm water areas. These currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes and on the east coast in the higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere;
• Warm currents: Warm currents bring warm water into cold water areas and are usually observed on the east coast of continents in the low and middle latitudes. In the northern hemisphere they are found on the west coasts of continents in high latitudes.

Question 3.
How do ocean currents get affected by winds and Coriolis force?
Answer:
Wind: Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course.

The Coriolis force: The coroilis intervenes and cause the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

Question 4.
Differentiate between spring tides and neap tides.
Answer:

S.no.	Spring Tides	Neap Tides
1.	It occurs twice each month new moon day because the sun, moon and earth are in the straight line.	They occur at first and third quarter of the moon. Because during these days the sun, moon form a right angle with each other.
2.	When the rise and fall is more than the normal then it is called the spring tides.	The rise and the fall is considerably low than the normal level.
3.	It is due to complimentary gravitational effect and cause sun, moon and earth are in the same.	Here the tidal forces do not supplement each other because the moon and earth are in right angles and so the velocity of tidal current slows down.

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In how many categories can tides be classified on the basis of their height and frequency?
Answer:

• Semi-diurnal tide: It is the most common tidal pattern, featuring two high tides and two low tides each day. The successive high or low tides are approximately of the same height.
• Diurnal tide: There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day. The successive high and low tides are approximately of the same height.
• Mixed tide: Tides having variations in height are known as mixed tides. These tides generally occur along the west coast of North America and on many islands of the Pacific Ocean.
• Spring tides: The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher. These are called spring tides.
• Neap tides: Wlien the sun and moon are at right angles to each other and the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. These are called neap tides.

Question 2.
White the characteristics of waves in the oceanic water.
Answer:
Characteristics of waves in the oceanic water are given below:

• The highest and lowest points of a wave are called the crest and trough.
• Wave height is the vertical distance from the bottom of a trough to the top of a crest of a wave.
• Wave amplitude is one-half of the wave height.
• Wave period is merely the time interval between two successive wave crests.
• Wavelength is the horizontal distance between two successive crests.
• Wave speed is the rate at which the wave moves through the water, and is measured in knots.
• Wave frequency is the number of waves passing a given point during a one- second time interval.

Question 3.
Explain how do heating of solar energy, wind, gravitation and coriolis force affect the ocean currents.
Answer:
Heating by solar energy: Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand, that is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.

• Wind: Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course.
• Gravity: Gravity tends to pull the water down the pile and create gradient variation.
• The Coriolis force: The coriolis intervenes and cause the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

Question 4.
Differentiate between warm currents and cold currents.
Answer:

S.no.	Warm currents	Cold currents
1.	They flow from equatorial regions to high latitudes.	They flow from polar region to low latitudes.
2.	Its temperature is higher than the surrounding water.	Its temperature is below than the surrounding water.
3.	It raises the temperature of coastal areas and are observed normally on the east coast of lower and middle latitude.	It reduces the temperature of the coastal area and are observed on the west of continent in lower and middle latitudes.
4.	Winds passing over warm currents absorb a good amount of moisture and bring heavy rainfall on the coastal areas.	Winds passing over cold currents becomes dry and little rainfall on the coaarea.
5.	Warm currents are of great help to navigation because they melt ice bergs.	Cold currents hinder navigation because they create ice bergs.
6.	Warm currents keep the ports open in the polar regions free from ice.	Cold currents make the parts unoperational in lower latitudes as they are ice bound.

Class 11 Geography Chapter 14 Hots Questions

Question 1.
Make a list of currents which are found in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Answer:
This is a listing of the seventeen major surface ocean currents.

Agulhas Current	Indian	Warm
Alaska Current	North Pacific	Warm
Benguela Current	South Atlantic	Warm/Cool
Brazil Current	South Atlantic	Warm
California Current	North Pacific	Cool
Canaries Current	North Atlantic	Cool
East Australian Current	South Pacific	Warm
Equitorial Current	Pacific	Warm
Gulf Stream	North Atlantic	Warm
Humboldt (Peru)Current	South Pacific	Cool
Kuroshio (Japan)Current	North Pacific	Warm
Labrador Current	North Atlantic	Cool
North Atlantic Drift	North Atlantic	Warm
North Pacific Drift	North Pacific	Warm
Oyashio (Kamchatka)Current	North Pacific	Cool
West Australian Current	Indian	Cool
West Wind Drift	South Pacific	Cool

Question 2.
How is the movement of currents influenced by prevailing winds? Give examples.
Answer:
The prevailing winds, or winds that usually blow in the same direction, influence ocean currents because the wind causes friction on the water surface causing the water to move in the same direction as the wind. Some prevailing winds are called “trade winds” because merchants on sailboats used these regular winds to sail across the Indian Ocean or Atlantic Ocean to trade their goods. The wind made sailing to some places very easy and other places very difficult. Some of these regular winds change direction during certain months. This is called monsoon. Monsoon winds blow one direction from May to October, then change directions from November to April, which allowed the merchants to sail home in Monsoon areas of the world. The monsoon winds mainly effects South Asia (India). Indian traders sailed west to Africa in the summer and east back to India in the winter.

Question 3.
Why some currents are warm or cold?
Answer:
There are several warm ocean currents that move warm water away from the equator. These currents of water have warm air above the water. The warm air raises the temperature of the land it touches. These areas enjoy a much warmer climate than other places at the same latitude. Areas such as England would be much colder without the warm Gulf Stream. Warm ocean currents flow on the eastern side of a continents. They only reach the western side in high latitude areas. Another characteristic is that they flow away from the equator. Warm currents have higher temperatures, so they are less dense than cold water. Usually warm water has a higher salinity, but it remains less dense than cold water, so cold water is heavier and flows under warm water. The water is warmed on the surface, so warm currents flow across the surface of the ocean. As a warm current cools down, it drops down and becomes a cold water currents.

Question 4.
What are under currents?
Answer:
Under currents deep in the ocean flow in the opposite direction from the surface current above them. They replace the surface waters that are moving out. A major under current circles the globe at about 30 mph. The main under current is called the Great Conveyor Belt. It is truly like an underwater river. In fact, under currents are called “submarine rivers”.

Map Skill

Question 1.
Show on a world map the currents of the oceans.
Answer:

Class 11 Geography NCERT Solutions

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 English 2015 Outside Delhi Term 2

Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum Marks : 70

SECTION-A
(READING) 20

Question 1.
Read the passage given below: [8]
Kausani is situated at a height of 6,075 feet in the Central Himalayas. It is an unusually attractive little town. It covers just about 5.2 sq. kms. It lies to the north of Almora in Uttarakhand’s picturesque Kumaon region. Kausani provides the 300-km wide breathtaking view of the Himalayas. It is the most striking aspect of this place. Snow-capped peaks are spread in a stately row. They stare at you in silvery white majesty. The most famous peak on view in Nanda Devi, the second highest mountain in India. It is situated at a height of 25,645 feet and 36 miles away as the crow files. The other famous peaks on view are Choukhamba (23,420 feet) and Trishul (23,360 feet). Then there are also Nilkanth, Nandaghunti, Nandaghat and Nandakot. On a clear day, the blue of the sky makes a splendid background to these peaks. At sunrise and at sunset, when the colour changes to a golden orange, the scene gets etched in your memory.

When Gandhiji visited this place in 1929, its scenic beauty held him spellbound. He named it the ‘Switzerland of India’. He prolonged his two-day stay to fourteen days, making time to write a book, ‘Anashakti Yoga’. The place where he was staying was originally a guest-house of the tea estate. It was renamed ‘Anashakti Ashram’ after the book.

Kausani in the birthplace of Sumitranandan Pant, India’s poet laureate. Its natural surroundings inspired many of his poems. Its tea gardens mingle with dense pine forests and fruit orchards. The area is also host to many fairs and religious ceremonies. If Uttaranchal is the abode of gods, Kausani is God’s own backyard. There is no traffic, no one is in a hurry. If serenity could be put on a canvas, the picture would resemble Kausani.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions : [1 × 8 = 8]
(a) Where is Kausani situated ?
(b) What is the most striking aspect of Kausani?
(c) Which is the most famous peak on view from Kausani ?
(d) How did Kausani influence Sumitranandan Pant ?
(e) When does the view of peaks become so memorable ?
(f) How can we say that Gandhiji was greatly charmed by the natural beauty of Kausani ?
(g) What makes Kausani a calm and quiet place ?
(h) Why, do you think, is Kausani known as’ God’s own backyard’?
Answer:
(a) Kausani is situated at a height of 6,075 feet in the Central Himalayas. It lies to the north of Almora in Uttarakhand’s picturesque Kumaon region.
(b) Kausani provides the 300-km wide breathtaking view of the Himalayas.
(c) The most famous peak of view is Nanda Devi, the second highest Mountain in India
(d) Kausani’s natural surroundings inspired many of Sumitranandan Pant’s poems.
(e) On a clear day, the blue sky makes a splendid background to these peaks. At sunrise and at sunset when the colour changes to golden yellow, the peaks become memorable.
(f) Gandhiji named Kausani the ‘Switzerland of India’. He prolonged his two-day stay to fourteen days, making time to write a book ‘Anashakti Yoga’.
(g) There is no traffic, no one is in a hurry. If serenity could be put on a canvas, the picture would resemble Kasauni.
(h) It has breathtaking natural beauty. It is also host to many fairs and religious ceremonies.

Question 2.
Read the passage given below: [12]
I rested for a moment at the door of Anand Bhawan, on Market Road, where coffee- drinkers and tiffin-eaters sat still at their tables, uttering low moans on seeing me. I wanted to assure them, “Don’t mind me, you hugging the cash box-you are a coward, afraid even to breathe. Go on, count the cash, if that is your pleasure. I just want to watch, that’s all. If my tail trails down to the street, if I am blocking your threshold, it is because, I’m told, I’m eleven feet tip to tail. I can’t help it. I’m not out to kill—I’m too full. I found a green pasture full of food on my way. I won’t attack until I feel hungry again. Tigers attack only when they feel hungry, unlike human beings who slaughter one another without purpose or hunger.”

To the great delight of children, schools were being hurriedly closed. Children of all ages and sizes were running helter-skelter, screaming joyously, “No school, no school, Tiger, tiger!” They were shouting and laughing and even enjoying being scared. They seemed to welcome me. I felt like joining them. So I bounded away from the restaurant door. I walked along with them, at which they cried, “The tiger is coming to eat us; let us get back to school!”

I followed them through their school gate while they ran up and shut themselves in the school hall securely. I climbed up the steps of the school, saw an open door at the far end of a veranda, and walked in. It happened to be the headmaster’s room. I noticed a very dignified man jumping on the table and heaving himself up into an attic. I walked in and flung myself on the cool floor, having a special liking for cool stone floors.
As I drowsed, I was aware of cautious steps and hushed voices all around. I was in no mood to bother about anything. All I wanted was a little moment of sleep; the daylight was very bright.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions : [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) How did the diners at Anand Bhawan react on seeing the tiger ?
(b) When do tigers attack ? In this context, how are human beings different from tigers ?
(c) Why were children happy and even enjoying being scared ?
(d) What did the headmaster do on seeing the tiger ? What did the tiger like to do in the headmaster’s office ?
(e) Identify the word which means the same as ‘hugging’. (Para 1) [1 × 4 = 4]
(i) counting
(ii) hiding
(iii) rubbing
(iv) holding tightly in the arms
(f) Identify the word which means the same as ‘delight’. (Para 2)
(i) pleasure
(ii) fear
(iii) sorrow
(iv) nervousness
(g) Identify the meaning of the word, ‘bounded’ , (Para 2)
(i) walked
(ii) jumped forward
(iii) walked with happy steps
(iv) ran lazily
(h) Indentify the word which means the same as ‘dignified’. (Para 3)
(i) tall
(ii) honourable
(iii) terrified
(iv) tired
Answer:
(a) The diners sat still at their tables, and uttered low moans on seeing the tiger.
(b) Tigers do not attack unless they are hungry Human beings on the other hand, slaughter one another without purpose or hunger.
(c) Children were happy as schools were hurriedly closed. They enjoyed being scared crying that the tiger was coming to eat them.
(d) The headmaster jumped on the table and heaved himself up into an attic. The tiger flung himself on the cool floor as he had a special liking for cool stone floors.
Answer:
(e) holding tightly in the arms.
(f) pleasure
(g) jumped forward
(h) honourable.

SECTION – B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 3.
Recently a serious quarrel took place in a colony in Delhi due to the use of loudspeakers at a public place and caused disharmony among the people. Write a letter in 100 -120 words to the Editor of The Hindustan Times expressing your concern over the unpleasant incident, highlighting the fact that the loudspeakers cause noise pollution and discord, suggesting that the unauthorised use of loudspeakers at public places should be banned. You are Anjana/Arjun, F-112 Kailash Colony, Delhi. [5]
OR
Heavy rains in Jammu and Kashmir caused floods, landslides, house collapses and heavy loss of life and property. Write an article in 100 -120 words on ‘Floods – Causes and Prevention’. You are Anita/Aman.
Answer:
F-112, Kailash Colony Delhi
Aug, 29 20XX.
The Editor,
The Hindustan Times,
New Delhi
Sub : Use of loudspeakers in public places.
Sir,
Through the esteemed columns of your newspaper, I would like to highlight on a matter of serious concern — the increasing use of loudspeakers in public places.
Only yesterday due to the use of the loudspeaker in a jagran in Karolbagh there were severe protests from the other communities. This led to communal tension and the police had to be called in. These loudspeakers disturb our peace, cause noise pollution and discord. Elderly people are not able to sleep and students find it difficult to concentrate on their studies.
It is time that the government should impose a ban on loudspeakers and even if used, there should be a time limit. I hope that the concerned authority will look into it immediately.
Your truly,
Anjana /Arjun.
OR
FLOODS – CAUSES & PREVENTION
By Aman/Anita
Nature’s fury strikes at the most unlikely places and the unlikeliest time. It really is a mystery and catches people unaware, even at times when they are sleeping.
Jammu and Kashmir had the record rainfall this year. Being a mountainous region the effect was very extensive. There was flooding and sudden landslides. People were caught unaware. Houses collapsed with the effect and people were left homeless. The few relief camps did not have enough facilities for the growing number of homeless people. The most affected wre the elderly and the children. Rescue missions were organized. The Air force and the navy swing into action. They rescued many people who were buried in the debris.

The causes for this catastrophic were manifold. Such drastic weather changes occured due to of global warming and massive deforestation which is the result of urbanization. Construction over water bodies and commercialization were also reasons which could be attributed.

To control this situation. More trees should be planted. Encroachment of river beds, illegal mining must he banned. More flood warning systems must be put in place. Flow of water must be controlled from dams.

Question 4.
Ultimately I won it as I was determined to achieve my goal.” The closing of the story is given above. You can start your own story but you cannot change the end. Write the story in 150 – 200 words. [1 × 10 = 10]
Hints : humble family background — no guidance or support — amibition — difficulties — didn’t given up — long struggle pave the way for success OR
Complete a story in 150 – 200 words from the outline given below :
Birds lived — a forest — one year hot and dry — the king bird suggested to migrate — a greedy sparrow noticed carts with baskets of grain — the sparrow dashed to eat — but warned her friends not to go — owner might kill them — birds scared — the greedy sparrow enjoyed her meal — owner spread a net — was caught.
Answer:
HARD WORK YIELDS RICH DIVIDENDS
I belonged to a humble background having been born in a poor family. The facilities that my parents provided were minimal. We barely had enough to eat.

My parents worked very hard. They were common labourers. On some days they did not have enough work. They were common daily wage workers. On some days my mother would go hungry after feeding all of us.

I had an ambition to be an athlete. There were no gyms or racing tracks in my little village. I used to run in the fields, trying to beat all my friends.
My parents were not very supportive. They believed that I was fostering a wrong ambition. They did not have enough money to support me.

However, I found a godfather in my PT teacher. He encouraged me and also enrolled me in a training camp. I had to travel 20 miles to reach there but I did not get worried, with gradual hard work and preseverance I managed to get a chance to represent my state and afterwards my country in the Asian Games.

I won a bronze medal which delighted my coaches and teachers. I won it as I was determined to achieve my goal. My hard work had paid off.
MORAL: Hard work yields rich dividends
OR
GREED IS A CURSE
In a forest lived a family of sparrows. They had a glorious time and a lot of harmony in their house. The weather was beautiful, the rains were seasonal and they had enough to feed themselves with.

However, one year became particularly hot and dry. The sparrow began to starve. They had no food to eat. Some of the little sparrows even starved to death.

The king bird suggested that they should migrate to a better forest. All the sparrows concurred with the idea.
One of the sparrows noticed carts with baskets of grains.This sparrow felt too lazy to fly as she felt the food was fiercely available. The sparrow dashed to eat the grain. However she disallowed her friends saying that the owner might kill them. She was too selfish and enjoyed the meal all alone. The observant owner spread a net and caught the sparrow. Moral: Greed Leads to Death.

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate options from the ones that follow : [1 × 3 = 3]
There are ways and ways (a) ___ tackling a problem. But governments all over the world (b) ___ only one system (c) ___ is : the carrot-and-stick
one.
(a)
(i) in
(ii) of
(iii) from
(iv) on
(b)
(i) prefer
(ii) prefers
(iii) preferred
(iv) preferring
(c)
(i) who
(ii) which
(iii) what
(iv) whose
Answer:
(a) of
(b) prefer
(c) which

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an exmaple.
Example:
person / physically / a / was / Kitty / handicapped/
Kitty was a physically handicapped person.
(a) sat up / wheel chair / in a / battery driven / every evening, / she
(b) drove / an / she / her wheel chair / to / apple orchard
(c) very happy / with apples / the trees / she was / to see / laden /
Answer:
(a) She sat up in a battery driven wheel chair every evening.
(b) She drove her wheel chair to an apple orchard.
(c) She was very happy to see the trees laden with apples.

SECTION – C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
When I got to New Mullion, my eager expectations of a sweet and simple country village were severely disappointed. Its streets were rivers of mud, with rows of wooden shops, either painted a sour brown, or bare of any paint at all.
(a) Who is T ?
(b) Why was T disappointed ?
(c) What does the word, ‘expectations’ mean ?
OR
“Never shall a young man, Thrown into despair By those great honey-coloured Ramparts at your ear,”
(a) Who is the speaker of these lines ? Who is he speaking to ?
(b) What does the young man mean by ‘honey-coloured ramparts’ ?
(c) What does the word ‘despair’ mean ?
Answer:
(a) In this context ‘I’ refers to the author Sinclair Lewis who is a young lawyer.
(b) The young lawyer eagerly expected to see a simple and sweet country village. He was however severely disappointed to see. Its streets were rivers of mud, rows of wooden shops, either painted a sour brown, or bare of any paint which was an unpleasant sight.
(c) The word ‘expectations’ in this context means hope that something good will happen, hope.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30 – 40 words each: [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) Why did the Buddha choose Banaras to preach his first sermon ?
(b) Why didn’t Valli want to go to the stall and have a drink ? What does it tell you about her?
(c) Why was Matilda in a hurry to go to her house after the ball ?
(d) What filled Bholi, a dumb cow, with a new ’ hope?
Answer:
(a) Banaras is a most holy dipping places on the River Ganges, which is usually crowded with pilgrims who come to get a dip thus getting rid of their sorrows and sufferings. Buddha’s aim was to lessen the suffering of human
(b) Valli had accumulated only sixty paise, which was the cost of her bus ride between her village and the nearest town and did not haW enough money to spend at the stall. This shows that Valli was a firm and decisive little girl.
(c) Mr. and Mme Loisel had gone to a ball that was attended by the most famous people of the society. Unlike the other rich ladies in their elegant wrap, Mr. Loisel covered Matilda with a modest wrap which was not befitting those belonging to the upper class society and that clashed severely with her elegant costume. Matilda wished to hurry away in order to go unnoticed by the other women who were wrapping themselves in rich furs.
(d) As a child because of her looks Bholi was always shunned and ignored. She faced a tough childhood and was extremely anxious and timid. Bholi’s teacher’s soft and soothing voice coupled with her encouraging words filled Bholi with new hope. The teacher’s faith in Bholi helped her grow.

Question 10.
Answer the following question in 80-100 words: [1 × 4 = 4]
Through ‘The Sermon at Banaras’, the Buddha preached that death is inevitable and we need to overcome the suffering and pain that follows. Based on your reading of the lesson, write how one should cope with the death of a loved one.
OR
Chekov has used humour and exaggeration in the play to comment on courtship, in his times. Illustrate with examples from the lesson, ‘The Proposal.’ Also mention the values, you think, any healthy relationship requires.
Answer:
Everything we need to achieve has to undergo pain and suffering. We must let go of grief and sorrow and even the fear of death to step out into the world to achieve something. World is afflicted with death and decay nothing is spared and no one can avoid it. If we fear or grieve over the death of our loved one it will not lessen our sorrow nor will the person come back to life in fact we will end up spoiling our own health instead peace of mind.
Surrendering selfishness and leading a virtuous life is the safest option.
OR
The Proposal is one of Anton Chekov’s famous plays where he uses humor and exaggeration in the play to provide a commentary on courtship in his times. Chekov, has used several stereotypes that help play their part beautifully in the play. Lomov, Natalya “the shrew’, Chubukov “the hypocrite father” all help in adding humor to the play. Lomov uses exaggerated actions that, sometimes exceeds the limits of common sense like, Lomov gulping down water, putting his hand to the heart or running to the door and staggering out.

Another interesting aspect of this storytelling is how the story progresses from cordiality to the hurling of insults as seen when Lomov called Chubukov ‘a swindle’ and Chubukov promptly calling Lomov an ‘intriguer’. The elements of exaggeration and absurdity set the tone of ridicule, which mars the elements of love and romance that is intended in the play. The playwright through this pay ironically emphasizes the courtesy, sincerity, love and mutual understanding are the keys to a healthy relationship.

Question 11.
Answer the following in 150 – 200 words : [1 × 10 = 10]
What was Mr. Otto Frank’s major contribution to the world ?
Anne describes herself as a Tittle bundle of contradictions’. Why ? Explain in your own words.**
OR
How did Helen benefit when Dr. Graham Bell accompained her to the World Fair ?**
OR
How did Helen display her passion for Radcliffe College ?**

Set-II

Note : All questions except the following questions have been already asked in the previous sets.

SECTION-B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate options from the ones that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
Kalari is a traditional art practised (a) ___ Kerala. Though claims of its heavenly origin (b) ___ disputable, foreign travellers have
mentioned Kalari being practised in Kerala in as early as the 13th century, (c) ___ makes it the oldest martial art to be in existence.
(a)
(i) at
(ii) from
(iii) into
(iv) in
(b)
(i) is
(ii) being
(iii) are
(iv) have
(c)
(i) who
(ii) which
(iii) this
(iv) it
Answer:
(a) in
(b) are
(c) which

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an example.
Example:
Sudha Chandran. / a national icon / famous dancer, / a / is / for the disabled /
Sudha Chandran, a famous dancer, is a national icon for the disabled.
(a) an accident / had lost / in / her right leg / she/
(b) the handicap/but/stop/couldnot/her/again / from dancing /
(c) hard/ to realise / struggled / her dream / she/
Answer:
(a) She had lost her right leg in an accident
(b) But the handicap could not stop her from dancing again.
(c) She struggled hard to realize her dream.

SECTION – C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow : [1 × 3 = 3]
He said to Ramlal, “As a revenue official you are the representative of the government in the village and so you must set and example to the villagers. You must send your daughters to school.”
(a) Who is ‘he’ ?
(b) Why example does he want Ramlal to set ?
(c) What does the word, ‘revenue’ mean ?
OR
long-cramped boughs shuffling under the
roof
like newly discharged patients
half-dazed, moving
to the clinic doors.
(a) What does the poet compare the branches to ?
(b) Name the figure of speech used in these lines.
(c) What does the word ‘shuffling’ mean ?
Answer:
(a) ‘He’ refers to the Tehsildar Sahib.
(b) He wanted Ramlal to be a model in giving girl’s good education.
(c) The money that a government recieves from taxes.
OR
(a) He compares the branches to dazed newly discharged patients moving out of the clinic.
(b) Simile is used in these lines as boughs are compared the patients.
(c) Moving repeatedlly from one position to another.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each: [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) Why did Kisa Gotami go from house to house ?
(b) What compulsive habits had Mijbil developed ?
(c) Why was Matilda always unhappy ?
(d) How could the lawyer have avoided being taken for a ride ?
Answer:
(a) Kisa Gotami had only son, and he died so in her grief, she carried the dead child to all her neighbours, asking them for medicine.
(b) When Mijbil walked on the London streets he developed certain compulsive habits and the writer had to pamper those desires. Opposite to the writer, house there was a primary school, along whose frontage was a low wall, some two feet high. On his way home, Mig would tug the writer to the wall, jump into it and gallop the full length of its thirty yards. This distracted the pupils and staff of the school.
(c) Matilda was always unhappy because she was bom in a family of clerks. She married a petty clerk in the office of the Board of Education. She was tired of the poverty of her life and felt that she was bom for all delicacies and luxuries.
(d) The lawyer could have avoided being taken for a ride. If the lawyer had been a little careful, thoughtful he should have taken the search. He could have cross-checked Bill’s information before trusting him.

Set-III

Note : All questions except the following questions have been already asked in the previous sets.

SECTION – B
(WRITING AND GRAMMAR) 25

Question 5.
Read the passage given below and fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate options from the ones that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
The reason for Kalari being (a) ___ then a mere martial art can be attributed to the fact that Brahmins practised it. Their influence (b) ___ Kalari impart an all-round training (c) ___ the mind and body of the student to make him a complete man.
(a)
(i) many
(ii) much
(iii) more
(iv) most
(b)
(i) have made
(ii) is making
(iii) will make
(iv) has made
(c)
(i) in
(ii) to
(iii) for
(iv) on
Answer:
(a) more
(b) has made
(c) for

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word that you have supplied. [1 × 4 = 4]

Answer:

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words and phrases into meaningful sentences [1 × 3 = 3]
One has been done for you as an example.
Example:
our health / is / clean / important / water / very / for/
Clean water is very important for our health.
(a) should / containers / water / clean / always be /
(b) always / keep / we / them / covered / should
(c) our / keep / clean / sources / water / should / we /of
Answer:
(a) Water containers should always be clean.
(b) We should always keep them covered.
(c) We should keep our sources of water clean.

SECTION – C
(LITERATURE/TEXTBOOKS AND LONG READING TEXT) 25

Question 8.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: [1 × 3 = 3]
When I casually mentioned this to a friend, he as casually replied that I had better get one in the Tigris marshes, for there they were as common as mosquitoes, and were often tamed by Arabs.
(a) What did the author, Maxwell mention casually to his friend ?
(b) Where could Maxwell easily get his pet and why ?
(c) What does the word ‘casually’ mean ?
OR
She was even bathed and oil was rubbed into her dry and matted hair. Only then did she begin to believe that she was being taken to a place better than her home.
(a) Who is ‘she’ ?
(b) Where was she being taken to ?
(c) What does the word ‘matted’ mean ?
Answer:
(a) Maxwell casually mentioned to his friend that he wanted to keep an otter as a pet. He thought that Camusfearna, ringed by water, would be an ideal place to get on other.
(b) Maxwell could easily get his pet in the Tigrib marshes. Olters there were as common as mosquitoes and were often tamed by Arabs.
(c) just by chance — accidentally, thoughtlessly
OR
(a) She refers to Bholi, Ramlal’s youngest daughter.
(b) She was being taken to the village girls, primary school to be given an education.
(c) entangled.

Question 9.
Answer the following questions in 30-40 words each: [2 × 4 = 8]
(a) Why does the conductor call Valli, ‘Madam’ ?
(b) What proves Kodavu people’s Arab descent ?
(c) Why is the lawyer sent to New Mullion ?
(d) What does Think-Tank infer on listening to the nursery rhyme, ‘Hey diddle diddle’ ?
Answer:
(a) The conductor called Valli ‘Madam’ as he was impressed by her self-confidence. Even though she was just eight, she was travelling all alone in the bus, Moreover, Valli claimed
that she had paid the full fare i.e. thirty paise.
(b) The theory of Arab origin draws support from the dress worn by the Kadagus. They wear a long, black coat with an embroidered waist — belt. Known as kuppia, it resembles the Kuffia, worn by the Arabs and the Kurds.
(c) The lawyer was sent to New Mullion to serve summons on a man called Oliver Lutkins who lived 40 miles away in the country. He was needed as a witness in a law case as he had ignored all their letters.
(d) After hearing ‘Hey, diddle diddle’, Tauk infers that the earthlings have reached a very high level of civilization. They have taught their domesticated animals musical culture and space techniques. Even their dogs have a sense of humour. At that moment they may be launching an interplanetary attack of millions of cows.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers