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NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Geography Social Science Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the three layers of the earth?
2. What is a rock?
3. Name three types of rocks.
4. How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
5. What do you mean by a rock cycle?
6. What are the uses of rocks?
7. What are metamorphic rocks?

Answer:

1. Three Layers of the Earth
   • Crust
   • Mantle
   • Core.
2. Rock
   • A mass of mineral matter that makes up the crust of the earth is called rock.
     Or
   • Aggregates of minerals are termed as rocks. Examples: See part
3. Three Types of Rocks
   • Igneous Rocks
   • Sedimentary Rocks
   • Metamorphic Rocks.
4. Formation of Extrusive and Intrusive Rocks
   • Due to extreme heat in the interior of the earth, rocks are found in the form of molten material called magma.
   • When magma comes out on the surface of the earth, it cools down and turns into solid rocks. Such rocks are termed as extrusive rocks.
     Examples:
     ★ Basalt.
     ★ Deccan Trap is built of basalt.
   • When the molten magma cools down within the interior of the earth, it becomes solid to form intrusive rocks.
     Examples:
     ★ Granite.
     ★ Gabro.
5. Rock Cycle
   Igneous rocks change into sedimentary rocks, igneous and sedimentary rocks under heat and pressure change into metamorphic rocks, metamorphic rocks into igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks due to melting or wearing down. This process is called the rock cycle.
6. Uses of Rocks
   • Hard rocks are used in making buildings and barrages.
   • Houses and buildings are built of rocks (stones, slates, granite, marble).
   • Stones are used in numerous games:
   • Seven stones (phitthoo).
   • Hopscotch (stapu, kit).
   • Five stones (gitti).
   • Rocks (stones and slates) are used in building bridges, embankments.
7. Metamorphic Rocks
   • When under heat and pressure igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks change their form and more precious rocks are formed to be known as metamorphic rocks.
     Examples:
     ★ Granite into granite gneiss.
     ★ Coal into slate.
     ★ Slate into schist.
     ★ Limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic.

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle.

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are example of
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils.

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Metamorphic  rocks
(c) Igneons rocks.

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth is
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core.
Answer:
(i)—(a), (ii)—(b), (iii)—(b), (iv)—(a), (v)—(a).

Question 4.
Give reasons:

1. We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
3. Limestone is changed into marble.

Answer:

1. We cannot go to the centre of the earth because of the following reasons:
   • The thickness (from crust to the core) is 6371 km. (Radius of the earth).
   • Temperature increases with depth @ 1°C per 32 metre.
   • There is extreme heat and pressure of overlying rocks, everything is in a molten state.
   • There is no oxygen to survive.
2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments because of the following reasons:
   • Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, decompose, disintegrate and wear down due to weathering.
   • This material is carried away by running water (rivers), wind, glacier.
   • The material is then deposited in low lying areas and is called sediments.
   • When sediments are solidified into layers due to pressure from overlying sediments they are called sedimentary rocks.
3. Limestone is changed into marble due to the following reasons:
   • The overlying layers of rocks put pressure on the underlying rocks.
   • From the surface to the interior of the earth, temperature and heat go on increasing.
   • Due to pressure and heat, the original limestone changes into marble.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is called the uppermost layer of the earth? [Imp.]
Answer:
It is called the crust.

Question 2.
What is the special feature of this layer? {Imp.]
Answer.
It is the thinnest of all the layers

Question 3.
Name the main mineral constituent of the continental mass.
Answer:
Silica and alumina

Question 4.
Name the constituents of the oceanic crust. [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Silica and magnesium.

Question 5.
What is the radius of the core?
Answer:
The radius of the core is about 3500 km.

Question 6.
What are the main constituents of the core?
Answer:
The main constituents of the core are nickel and iron. It is usually known as nife.

Question 7.
What is the earth’s crust made of?       [V.Imp.]
Answer:
It is made up of different types of rocks.

Question 8.
What are called igneous rocks?
Answer:
When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks.

Question 9.
What are fossils?
Answer:
The remains of the dead plant and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.

Question 10.
What happens when igneous and sedimentary rocks go under great heat and pressure?
Answer:
They change into metamorphic rocks.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are minerals? How are they useful for mankind?                       [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have certain physical properties and definite chemical composition.
Minerals are very useful for mankind. Some minerals like coal, natural gas and petroleum are used as fuels. They are also used in industries. Iron, aluminium, gold, uranium etc. are used in medicine, in Fertilizers, etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention various types of rocks IV. [Imp.]
Answer:
Rocks are of the three types:

1. Igneous rocks
   • Sedimentary rocks
   • Metamorphic rocks
   • Igneous rocks. When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks.
   • They are also called primary rocks. They are of two types—intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.
2. Extrusive rocks.When molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way on the crust Eire called extrusive igneous rocks. For example, basalt.
3. Intrusive rocks. Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Since they cool down slowly they form large grains. For example, granite.
4. Sedimentary rocks. Small fragments of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc.These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand.
5. Metamorphic rocks. When igneous and sedimentary rocks Eire subjected to great heat and pressure they chsmge into metamorphic rocks. For example, clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.

Question 2.
What do you know about the interior of the earth? [V. Imp.]
Answer:
Our earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another. These layers are three in number—crust, mantle smd core.

Crust. It is the uppermost layer over the earth’s surface. It is the thinnest of all the layers. It is about 35 km on the continential masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.

The continental masses are made up of silica and alumina. It is thus called sial (si-silica and al-alumina). The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium. It is thus called sima (si-silica and ma-magnesium).

Mantle:It is just beneath the crust. It extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust

Core: It is the innermost layer. Its radius is about 3500 km. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is known as nife (ni-nickel and fe-ferrous, Le., iron). The central core has a very high temperature and pressure.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Geography Social Science Chapter 1 Environment

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is an ecosystem?
2. What do you mean by the natural environment?
3. Which are the major components of the environment?
4. Give four examples of a human-made environment.
5. What is the lithosphere?
6. Which are the two major components of the biotic environment?
7. What is the biosphere?

Answer:

1. All plants, animals and human beings depend on their immediate surroundings. They are also interdependent on each other. This relation between the living organisms as well as the relation between the organism and their surroundings form an ecosystem.
2. The natural environment consists of land, water, air, plants and animals. Thus, the natural environment refers to both biotic (plants and animals) and abiotic (land) conditions that exist on the earth.
3. The major components of the environment are—natural (land, air, water, living things), human-made (buildings, parks, bridges, roads, industries, monuments, etc.), and humans (individual, family, community, religion, educational, economic, etc).
4. Four examples of human-made environments—buildings, parks, bridges, and roads.
5. The lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil. It is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
6. Plants and animals are the two major components of a biotic environment,
7. The biosphere is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water, and air interact with each other to support life. Thus, plant and animal kingdom together make biosphere, ie., the living world.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.

1. Which is not a natural ecosystem?
   (a) Desert
   (b) Aquarium
   (c) Forest.
2. Which is not a component of the human environment?
   (a) Land
   (b) Religion
   (c) Community.
3. Which is a human-made environment?
   (a) Mountain
   (b) Sea
   (c) Road.
4. Which is a threat to the environment?
   (a) Growing plant              (b) Growing population
   (c) Growing crops.

Answer:
(i)—(b), (ii)—(a), (iii)—(c), (iv)—(b).

Question 3. Match the following:

1. Biosphere              (a)    blanket of air which surrounds the earth
2. Atmosphere          (b)   domain of water
3. Hydrosphere       (c)    gravitational force of the earth
4. Environment      (d)    our surroundings
   (e) the narrow zone where land, water, and air interact

Answer: 

1. —(e)
2. —(a)
3. —(b)
4. —(d)

Question 4.
Give reasons:

1. Man modifies his environment
2. Plants and animals depend on each other.

Answer:

1. Man modifies his environment in the following ways:
   • He cuts forests and clears land for agriculture, industries, and habitation.
   • He tills land for agriculture.
   • He uses the land to build buildings, roads, and railways.
   • He uses water.
   • He uses air for his survival.
   • He sets up industries, factories, etc.
   • He does numerous other activities for his life, making it comfortable.
2. Plants and animals depend on each other in the following ways:
   • Plants provide food to animals.
   • They, in the form of forests, provide shelter to wildlife.
   • Wildlife adds beauty to the forests.
   • Animals provide manure to plants for growth.
   • Animals also provide beauty to forests.
   • Dead animals also provide humus content.

Question 5. Activity
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.
Answer: Students are expected to do this activity themselves. However, a sample is given below:

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the environment? [Imp.]
Answer:
Everything that we see in our surroundings forms environment. It is our basic life support system. It provides us air, water, food, and land—the basic needs of our life.

Question 2.
Why is our environment changing?[V. Imp.]
Answer:
Our environment is changing because our needs are increasing day by day. To fulfill these needs we often don’t think about the environment and start modifying it.

Question 3.
What are the basic components of the natural environment?
Answer:
The basic components of the natural environment are—land, water, air, plants and animals.

Question 4.
What does the lithosphere provide us? [Imp.]
Answer:
Lithosphere provides us forests, grasslands for grazing land for agriculture and human settlements. It is a rich source of minerals.

Question 5.
Name different types of water bodies.
Answer:
Rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc.

Question 6.
How is the atmosphere important for us? [Imp.]
Answer:
The atmosphere protects us from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun.

Question 7.
What do you see in the deserts? Name some animals.
Answer:
We see camels, snakes, lizards, and insects.

Question 8.
What is the barter system?
Answer:
The barter system is a method of trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.

Question 9.
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic environments with examples.
Answer:
The world of living organisms is known as a biotic environment. Example: plants and animals.
The world of the non-living element is known as the abiotic environment. Example: land.

Question 10.
How is the environment important for us?
Answer:
It is important for us because it is the provider of air, water, food, and land— the basic necessities of life.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on the lithosphere. [Imp.]
Answer:
The lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals. It is covered by a thin layer of soil. It is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, deserts, plains, valleys, etc. The lithosphere plays an important role in our life. It provides us forests, grassland for grazing, land for agriculture, and human settlements. It is also a treasure of various minerals.

Question 2.
Give an account of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. It is made up of various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dust particles and water vapor. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it. It protects us from harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun. The changes in the atmosphere produce changes in the weather and climate.

Question 3.
How do human beings modify the natural environment? [V. Imp.].
Answer:
The needs of human beings are increasing day and day. Hence, they modify the natural environment to fulfill these needs. Sometimes they even destroy their environment Human beings have made cars for their convenience. These cars release fumes which pollute the air. They have established factories on land. These factories manufacture various items such as containers. This is how they modify natural environment.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of various domains of the environment.
Answer:
Various domains of the environment are:

1. Lithosphere
2. Atmosphere
3. Hydrosphere
4. Biosphere
5. It is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil. It provides us forests, grasslands, and land. It is a source of mineral wealth.
6. It is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it. It protects us from harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun. It consists of various gases, dust, and water vapour.
7. It refers to various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. that exist on the earth.
8. The biosphere or the living world is comprised of plant and animal kingdom. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water, and air interact with each other to support life.

Question 2.
How have human beings adapted to the environment to fulfill their needs?
Answer:
Human beings from the early times have been interacting with the environment and modifying it according to their needs. Early humans adapted themselves to their natural surroundings. They led a simple life and fulfilled their requirements from the nature around them. But their needs kept on increasing. They became varied also. To fulfill these varied needs, humans learned to grow crops, tamed animals, and began a settled life.

The wheel was invented, surplus food was produced, the barter system emerged, trade started and commerce developed. The industrial revolution made possible large scale production. By and by transportation became faster. The information revolution made communication easier and speedy across the world. In this way, human beings adapted to the environment in order to fulfill their needs.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market

1. Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton?
Answer: No. Swapna did not get a fair price on the cotton. The local trader paid her low price.

2. Why did the trader pay Swapna a low price?
Answer: The trader had lent Swapna money at the beginning of the cropping season on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him. Thus, Swapna was in his grip. The trader took advantage of this situation and paid her a low price.

3. Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna?
Answer: Large farmers would sell their cotton in the market. Their situation is different from Swapna. Unlike Swapna, they grew cotton on their own and therefore they are free to sell them anywhere they wish.

4. What are the following people doing at the Erode cloth market—merchants, weavers, exporters?
Answer: Merchants. They supply cloth on order to garment manufactures and exporters around the country. They purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.
Weavers. They make cloth and bring this to the Erode cloth market for sale. They also make cloth on order from the merchant.
Exporters. They use the cloth to make shirts to export them to foreign buyers.

5. In what ways are weavers dependent on cloth merchants?
Answer: Weavers are dependent on cloth merchants for raw materials and markets.

6. If the weavers were to buy yam on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more. Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss.
Answer: In such a situation the weavers would definitely earn more. They would buy yam at the lowest possible price and would sell cloth at the highest possible price. They would select the market of their choice for better price.

7. You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up?
Answer: They were set up for the benefit of those who were in want of capital.

8. What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands?
Answer: They demand the lowest prices from the garment exporters.
They set high standards for quality of production and timely delivery. Any defects or delays in delivery in dealt with strictly.
The garment exporters agree to these demands because they are able to gain maximum profits even after that.

9. How do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers?
Answer: The garment exporters cut costs. They get maximum work out of the workers at the lowest possible wages.

10. Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss.
Answer: More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they agree to work even at the lowest possible wages.

11. Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter, and the business person in the market abroad What do you find?
Answer: The business person abroad makes a profit of Rs. 600 on one shirt and the garment exporter gains Rs. 100 on one shirt. So far the worker’s earning is concerned, he gets only Rs. 15 per shirt.

12. What are the reasons that the business person is able to make a huge profit in the market?
Answer: There are various reasons why the business person is able to make a huge profit in the market:
Some of them are given below:

1. He sells his shirts to people belonging to the high-income groups.
2. He is able to sell a large number of shirts every day.
3. He knows the ways how to get work done by the garment exporters at the lowest possible price.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who was Swapna?
Answer: Swapna was a small farmer, growing cotton on her small piece of land.

2. Why did Swapna take a loan from the local trader?
Answer: She took a loan from the local traders to buy seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides for the cultivation of cotton.

3. On what condition did the trader agree to give a loan to Swapna?
Answer: He agreed to give a loan to Swapna on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him.

4. What is the putting-out arrangement? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Under the putting-out arrangement, the cloth merchants supply the raw material to the weavers and receive the finished product.

5. Who are mostly employed in the Impex garment factory?
Answer: They are women.

6. What do women workers do in the Impex garment factory?
Answer: They do thread cutting, buttoning, ironing, and packaging.

7. Whom does the garment exporting factory export the shirts to?
Answer: The garment exporting factory exports the shirts to foreign buyers.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How are small farmers in the grip of the local trader? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Small farmers can not do without the help of the local traders. They depend on them for various reasons:

• During cropping season they take a loan from the local traders.
• Whenever there is an illness in the family they go to the local trader for help.
• Farmers also face seasonal unemployment. There are times in the year when they have no work and hence no income.

During this time their survival depends on borrowing money from him.
Due to these reasons, small farmers easily come in the grip of the powerful local traders.

2. How do weaver’s cooperatives reduce the dependence of weavers on the cloth merchants? [V. Imp.]
Answer: In a cooperative people with common interests come together and work for their mutual benefit. In a weaver’s cooperative, the weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively. They get yam from the yam dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The cooperative also does marketing. In this way, the role of the merchants is reduced and weavers get a fair price on the cloth that they produce by dint of their hard labour.

3. Write a short note on the Impex garment factory.
Answer: The Impex garment factory employs mostly women. The workers work on a temporary basis. They can be asked to leave at any time. Their wages are fixed according to their skills. The highest-paid among the workers are the tailors who get about Rs. 3,000 per month. Women are employed as helpers. They are engaged in thread cutting, buttoning, ironing, and packaging. They get the lowest wages.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who is involved in the putting-out system? How is this system advantageous and disadvantageous for the weavers? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The persons involved in the putting-out system are weavers and merchants.
This system is advantageous for the weavers in two ways:

• They do not have to spend their money on the purchase of yam.
• They are also free from the tension of selling the finished cloth.

This system is disadvantageous for the weavers in these ways:

• They have to depend on the merchants for raw materials as well as markets.
• Under this system, the merchants become very powerful. They give orders for what is to be made and they pay a very low price for making the cloth.
• The weavers have no way of knowing who they are making the cloth for or at what price it will be sold.

2. How does market work move in favour of the rich and powerful? What are the ways to overcome them? (V. Imp.]
Answer: It is usually the rich and the powerful who earn the maximum profits in the market. These people have money and they own the factories, the large shops, large landholdings, etc. The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend on loans, for raw materials and marketing of their goods, and most often for employment.

This dependence makes the poor miserable. They are easily exploited in the market. They get low wages in spite of their hard labour and the rich earn huge profits at the cost of the workers. There are ways to overcome these such as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are following strictly.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 8 Markets Around Us

1. In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?
Answer: A hawker provides door to door service. He sells his goods by calling out the names of his items. He generally owns a the which we may call a movable shop and keeps in it different items of our everyday use. He sells his goods at a minimum profit.

A shop owner runs his shop at one fixed place. Whenever we need anything we go there and purchase it. Here, we get things at a somewhat costlier rate.

2. Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping complex on the following:

3. Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve?
Answer: Goods are produced in factories, Goods are also produced in farms and in homes. But we are not required to go to factories or farms to buy goods of our need, because the producers are not interested in selling us small quantities. The wholesale traders do this job. They are the people who come in between the producer and the final consumer. They first buy goods in bulk. Then they sell these goods to the retailers, who finally sell this to the consumers.
From the above instance we come to the conclusion that from factories to final consumers a chain is formed, which we may call a chain of markets. We can better understand it through the flow chart given below:

It serves a great purpose. It maintains the flow of money. It makes easy availability of various items of our daily use. It also promotes coordination in society

4. ‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with examples.
Answer: It is true that all persons have equal rights to visit any shop in the marketplace. But this is not true of shops with expensive products. It is because of the following:

1. People with high incomes can buy expensive products. Hence, these people go to the shops with expensive products and not the poor or people with low income.
2. The low-income group people visit the shops or weekly markets to buy goods as these goods are available at cheaper rates.

Examples:
People with high income buy green vegetables from multiplexes or malls while poor people purchase green vegetables from small vegetable sellers or from hawkers.

5. ‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace’. Explain this statement with the help of examples.
Answer:
It is correct that buying and selling can take place without going to a market place. It is done in the following manner.
Examples:

• We can order goods that we need over the telephone and get their delivery.
• Over the internet, we can visit the concerned website and order the products.
• We can pay through internet banking or on the delivery of goods.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why is a weekly market called so?
Answer: A weekly market is called so because it is held a specific day of the week.

2. Why is there a competition among the shops in the weekly market? [V. Imp.]
Answer: In the weekly market there are many shops that sell the same goods. This creates competition among them.

3. Who is Scunner? What does he do?
Answer: Sameer is a small trader in the weekly market. He buys clothes from a large trader and sells them in six different markets in a week.

4. Give some examples of roadside stalls.
Answer: Vegetable hawker, fruit vendor, mechanic.

5. How are shops in the neighbourhood useful?
Answer: These types of shops are close to our home and we can go there any time. As the buyer and seller know each other these shops also provide goods on credit.

6. Where are the goods produced?
Answer: Goods are produced in factories, on farms, and in homes.

7. Why do we not buy directly from the producer?    [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is because the producer is not interested in selling goods in small quantities. 9*

8. Who is a retailer?   [Imp.]
Answer: A retailer is a small trader who buys goods from the wholesale trader and sells this to the consumer.

9. Who is Aftab?
Answer: Aftab is a wholesaler in the city. He purchases vegetables in bulk and sells them to hawkers and shopkeepers.

10. How are buyers, different people?
Answer: There are many buyers who cannot afford even the cheapest of goods. While others frequently visit malls and buy different items.

11. What is done in the wholesale markets?
Ans. This is where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write in brief about shopping complexes and malls.
Answer: Shopping complexes and malls are usually found in urban areas. These are large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors. These shops sell both branded and non-branded goods. Fewer people visit malls because they sell costly items. Only well-to-do people can afford to buy these items.

2. What is the job of a wholesale trader?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: A wholesale trader buys goods from the producer in large quantities. He then sells them to other traders, say small traders. These small traders sell different items to the final consumer. Thus, the wholesale trader establishes link between the producer and the consumer. It is through these links of traders that goods reach faraway places.

3. How are shop owners in a weekly market and those in a shopping complex very different people?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: Both are undoubtedly different people.
(a) The shop owners in a weekly market are small traders who run their shop with little money. On the other hand, the shop owners of a shopping complex are big parties. They have a lot of money to spend on their shops.

(b) What these two types of shop owners earn is also not equal. The weekly market trader earns little compared to the profit of a regular shop owner in a shopping complex.

4. Write a brief note on ‘Aftab—the wholesaler in the city’.
Answer: Aftab is a wholesaler of vegetables. His work usually starts at around 2 o’clock in the early morning. This is the time when vegetables reach the market or mandi and with them start the activities. The vegetables come in trucks, matadors, etc. and soon the process of auctions begins. Aftab participates in this auction and decides what he will buy. He buys vegetables in bulk. After that, he sells them to hawkers and shopkeepers who usually come to him around six in the morning.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Do you see equality in the market? If not, why not? Explain with examples.[V. Imp.]
Or
Write in brief on ‘market and equality’.
Answer: We do not see equality in the market. Big and powerful business persons earn huge profits while small traders earn very little. For example, the shop owners in a weekly market and those in a shopping complex are two different people. One is a small trader who has little money to run the shop. Whereas the other has a lot of money to spend on the shop. The earning of these two people is also unequal. The weekly market trader earns little profit whereas the shopping complex owner gains huge income.

Not only the shop owners are different people, but also the buyers. In the market we see different types of buyers There are several buyers who Eire not able to afford even the cheapest of goods white others are busy shopping for different luxurious items in malls. Thus, we see no equality in the market place.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising

1.  Look at the two advertisements given below and tell in the table that follow.

2. Do you think there is a problem in using the image of the mother as the only person who takes care of the child on the Care Soap, advertisement?
Answer: I don’t think there is any problem. Mother is undoubtedly the only person in the family who takes the greatest care of her child.

3. Observe the advertisements given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What does this advertisement want me to feel when I use this brand?
(b) Who is this advertisement talking to and who is leaving out?
(c) If you have money to buy these products, how would you feel when you see these advertisements? If you do not have money, then how would you feel?
Answer: (a)When I use this brand I feel exalted.
(b) This advertisement is talking to those who can afford to buy this brand. It is leaving out those who belong to the poor lot and earn their livelihood with great difficulty.
(c) If I have money to buy these products, I would feel proud when I see these advertisements. But if I do not have money, I would feel depressed.

4. Observe the advertisement given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Who do you think is the target audience for the social advertisements above?
(b) What is the message that each social advertisement is trying to get across?
(c) Having read about diarrhoea epidemic in the chapter on State Government,
Answer: (a) Here are two social advertisements. In the first advertisement the target audience is the disabled children. In the next advertisement the target audience is common mass.
(b) Freedom is birthright to the disabled children also. Unless they get education, this freedom won’t come to them. Hence, they have every right to get education.
Railway runs faster than us. Hence, we should not dare to cross the railway crossing when the train is coming.

• Advertisement No. 1
• Visual — Display of furniture items
• Text — Quality, brand, discount ,

(a) Advertisement No. 2

• Visual — Display of CCTV
• Text — Features, Quality, Availability

(b) People can afford best things at cheaper price.
(c) Advertisement No. 1. This advertisement is speaking to the middle class people and is leaving out the people belonging to higher societies.
Advertisement No. 2 is speaking to the business group and is leaving out the common mass.
(d) I would feel a little bit depressed.

5. Can you explain two ways in which you think advertising affects issues of equality in a democracy?
Answer: Yes, the two ways in which we think advertising affects issues of equality in a democracy are:

1. The branded products are costly than those available in the open market because they include the cost of the product, its package, and its advertisement. Those people buy this product who can afford it. But there are numerous people who can not buy them because of the higher cost. Hence, the principle of equality is marred.
2. Only large companies can get their products branded due to the large involvement of amounts of money. Small companies cannot get their product branded as they are not able to spend large amounts of money. Hence, there is a question of inequality in branding.

6. Making an advertisement requires a lot of creativity. Let us imagine a situation in which a manufacturer has just made a new watch. She says that she wants to sell this watch to school children. She comes to your class and asks you all to create a brand name as well as an advertisement for the watch. Divide the class into small groups and each group creates an advertisement for this watch. Share it with the class.
Answer: Students should attempt it at the class level. One sample answer is given below:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What do advertisements do?
Answer: They attract people’s attention to their products.

2. What do you mean by the word branding?
Answer: The naming of a product is called branding.

3. Why is the consumer confused? Or What makes the consumer confused?[V. Imp.]
Answer: Sometimes there are two or more advertisements of a similar product. This makes the consumer confused because it becomes difficult for him to differentiate one product from the other/others.

4. What do the advertisers do to convince the consumer?
Answer: They start claiming certain special values for their brand.

5. How are brand values conveyed to us?
Answer: Brand values are conveyed to us through the use of visuals and words.

6. When products are advertised by cricket heroes and film stars, we feel tempted to buy them. Why?
Answer: It is because persons whom we consider our heroes tell us that those products are worth buying.

7. Advertisements aim to get people to buy a particular brand’. What does this really mean?
Answer: It means that after we see an advertisement we should want to buy the brand

8. Why do companies show the advertisements again and again?
Ans. They do so in order to get it to stick in people’s minds.

9. Under what pressure do companies show the advertisements again and again?
Answer: There are so many advertisements in the market. This creates pressure on the companies and they start showing the advertisements, again and again, to make it most popular.

10. What do you mean by social advertisements?   [V. Imp.]
Answer: Social advertisements are advertisements made by the State or private agencies.
These advertisements have a larger message for the society.

11. What impressions does advertising create on us?
Answer: It creates the impressions that things that are packaged are better than things that are sold loose.

12. Mention one drawback of advertising.
Answer: It tends to promote a certain lack of respect for the poor.

13. How do people feel when they fail to afford certain brands?
Answer: They feel bad about their helplessness to buy certain brands.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why do you think the manufacturer of the daal (pulses) gave his product a specific name?  [Imp.]
Answer: Daals (pulses) are usually sold loose in the market. There are different types of daals in the market such as arahar ki daal, masoor ki dual, urad ki daal, etc. These names are not brand names. When a company takes particular daal such as urad ki daal and puts it into a packet, it will need to give the daal a specific name. It needs to do this so that we don’t confuse the daal is that particular packet with the daal that is sold loose.

2. What do companies do in case there are two brands of a similar product?
Answer: In such a situation the consumer is confused. He cannot decide which product he should buy. The manufacturer, being aware of this has to give the consumer a reason to refer a particular brand of a product. Just naming a product does not help sell it. So, advertisers began claiming certain special values for their brand. In this way, they try to differentiate it from other similar products.

3. What brand values are used by the two daals namely Top Taste Daal’ and ‘Best Taste Daal’?
Answer: The two daals namely Top Taste Daal’ and ‘Best Taste Daal’ are saying two different things. Top Taste Daal is appealing to our social tradition of treating guests extremely well. On the other hand ‘Best Taste Daal is appealing to our concern for our children’s health and that they eat things that are good for them. Values such as treating our guests well and making sure and children get nutritious food are used by brands to create brand values. These brand values are conveyed through the use of visuals and words to give us an overall image that appeals to us.

4. How is personal emotion being used in the Care Soap advertisement?  [Imp.]
Answer: The Care Soap advertisement uses the mother’s concern for her child. It tells the mother that her love and care is best shown through using this particular brand of soap. Because of this, mothers begin to feel that using this soap is a sign of how much they love their child. In this way, the advertisement uses the love of a mother for her child to sell this expensive soap.
Just think about those mothers who cannot afford this soap. They might begin to feel that they are not giving their children the best care.

5. What role do advertisements play in our lives?  [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Advertisements play a major role in our lives. They influence us to a great extent. We watch advertisements, discuss them, and often judge people according to the brand products they use. Whenever we see cricket heroes and film stars advertising different products we feel tempted to buy those products. It is because persons whom we consider our heroes tell us that they are worth buying.

Advertisements tell us how we should live our lives, what we should aspire and dream for, how we should express our love, what it means to be smart, successful, and beautiful. Thus, advertisements have a significant role in our lives. In the present scenario, we cannot think of life without advertisements.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How are small businessmen affected in this age of advertisements?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: Advertising a product is a costly affair no doubt but this is the only way to sell products in the market. Large companies have no dearth to money and therefore they can easily advertise their products. But these are small businessmen also who have no money to show their products on television or national newspapers and magazines. They often have to sell their products in weekly markets and neighbourhood shops.

Advertising also makes us believe that packaged and branded things are better than things sold loose. We often forget that the quality of a product has little to do with the packaging that it comes in. This shift to packaged products negatively affects the sales of several small businesses forcing people out of their livelihoods.

2. Mention the drawbacks of advertising. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Advertising shows certain drawbacks which are as follow:
(a) We are citizens of a democratic country. It means we all are equal. But advertising always focuses on the lives of the rich and influential persons. It tends to promote a certain lack of respect for the poor. They are not the faces we most often see in advertisements and therefore we cease to think about them.

(b) Advertising uses the personal emotions of the people. Those who are capable to buy certain brands feel exalted but there are many who cannot afford to buy them. The personal emotions of these people are hurt badly.

(c) Advertising promotes the sale of packaged products. This negatively affects the sale of things which do not come in packets. This forces many people out of their livelihoods.

(d) Advertising by focussing on the lives of the rich and famous helps us forget about issues of poverty, discrimination, and dignity, all of which are central to the functioning of equality in a democracy.

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