{"id":38098,"date":"2022-06-10T14:30:42","date_gmt":"2022-06-10T09:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/?p=38098"},"modified":"2022-06-10T15:09:50","modified_gmt":"2022-06-10T09:39:50","slug":"s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10"},"content":{"rendered":"

Class 11 Chemistry Notes<\/a> students can refer to the The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/ Pdf here. They can also access the CBSE Class 11 The s-Block Elements Chapter 10 Notes while gearing up for their Board exams.<\/p>\n

The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10<\/h2>\n

S Block Elements Class 11 Chapter 10<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 General Electronic Configuration of s-Block Elements
\nFor alkali metals [noble gas] ns1<\/sup>
\nFor alkaline earth metals [noble gas] ns2<\/sup>
\nS Block Elements Class 11 Notes
\n\u2022 Group 1 Elements: Alkali metals<\/strong>
\nElectronic Configuration, ns1<\/sup>, where n represents the valence shell.
\nThese elements are called alkali metals because they readily dissolve in water to form soluble hydroxides, which are strongly alkaline in nature.
\n\"The
\nS Block Elements Notes
\n\u2022 Atomic and Ionic Radii<\/strong>
\nAtomic and ionic radii of alkali metals increase on moving down the group i.e., they increase in size going from Li to Cs. Alkali metals form monovalent cations by losing one valence electron. Thus cationic radius is less as compared to the parent atom.
\nThe S Block Elements Class 11 Notes
\n\u2022 Ionization Enthalpy<\/strong>
\nThe ionization enthalpies of the alkali metals are generally low and decrease down the group from Li to Cs.
\nReason: Since alkali metals possess large atomic sizes as a result of which the valence s-electron (ns1<\/sup>) can be easly removed. These values decrease down the group because of decrease in the magnitude of the force of attraction with the nucleus on account of increased atomic radii and screening effect.
\nS Block Notes
\n\u2022 Hydration Enthalpy<\/strong>
\nSmaller the size of the ion, more is its tendency to get hydrated hence more is the hydration enthalpy.
\nHydration enthalpies of alkali metal ions decrease with increase in ionic sizes.
\nLi+<\/sup> > Na+<\/sup> > K+<\/sup> > Rb+<\/sup> > Cs+<\/sup>
\nS-Block Elements Notes
\n\u2022 Physical Properties<\/strong>
\n(i) All the alkali metals are silvery white, soft and light metals.
\n(ii) They have generally low density which increases down the group.
\n(iii) They impart colour to an oxidising flame. This is because the heat from the flame excites the outermost orbital electron to a higher energy level. When the excited electron comes back to the ground state, there is emission of radiation in the visible region.
\nNotes Of S Block Elements Class 11
\n\u2022 Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals<\/strong>
\n(i) Reaction with air:<\/strong>
\nWhen exposed to air surface of the alkali metals get tarnished due the formation of oxides and hydroxides.
\nAlkali metals combine with oxygen upon heating to form different oxides depending upon their nature.
\n\"The
\n(ii) Reaction with water:<\/strong>
\nAlkali metals react with water to form hydroxide and dihydrogen
\n\"The
\n(iii) Reaction with hydrogen:<\/strong>
\nThe alkali metals combine with hydrogen at about 673 K (lithium at 1073 K) to form hydrides.
\n2M + H2<\/sub> ————-> 2M+<\/sup>
\nThe ionic character of hydrides increases from Li to Cs.
\n(iv) Reaction with halogens:
\nAlkali metals combine with halogens directly to form metal halides.
\n2M + X2<\/sub>————–> 2MX
\nThey have high melting and boiling points.
\nOrder of reactivity of M:
\n\"The
\n(v) Reducing nature:<\/strong>
\nThe alkali metals are strong reducing agents. In aqueous solution it has been observed that the reducing character of alkali metals follows the sequence Na < K < Rb < Cs < Li, Li is the strongest while sodium is least powerful reducing agent. This can be explained in terms of electrode potentials (E\u00b0). Since the electrode potential of Li is the lowest. Thus Li is the strongest reducing agent.
\n(vi) Solubility in liquid ammonia:<\/strong>
\nThe alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue solution. The solution is conducting in nature.
\nM+ (x + y) NH3<\/sub> ———-> [M (NH3<\/sub>) X]+<\/sup> + [e (NH3) y]–<\/sup>
\nWhen light falls on the ammoniated electrons, they absorb energy corresponding to red colour and the light which emits from it has blue colour. In concentrated solution colour changes from blue to bronze. The blue solutions are paramagnetic while the concentrated solutions are diamagnetic.
\nClass 11 Chemistry S Block Elements Notes
\n\u2022 Uses of Alkali Metals<\/strong>
\nUses of Lithium<\/strong>
\n(i) Lithium is used as deoxidiser in the purification of copper and nickel.
\n(ii) Lithium is used to make both primary and secondary batteries.
\n(iii) Lithium hydride is used as source of hydrogen for meteorological purposes.
\n(iv) Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4<\/sub>) is a good reducing agent.
\n(v) Lithium carbonate is used in making glass.
\nUses of Sodium<\/strong>
\n(i) Used as sodium amalgum in laboratory (synthesis of organic compounds).
\n(ii) Sodium is used in sodium vapour lamp.
\n(iii) In molten state, it is used in nuclear reactors.
\n(iv) An alloy of sodium-potassium is used in high temperature thermometres.
\nUses of Potassium<\/strong>
\n(i) Salts of potassium are used in fertilizers.
\n(ii) Used as reducing agent.
\nUses of Cesium<\/strong>
\n(i) In rocket propellent
\n(ii) In photographic cells.
\n\u2022 Group 2 Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals<\/strong>
\nAlkaline Earth Metals: They were named alkaline earth metals since they were alkaline in nature like alkali metals oxides and they were found in the earth’s crust.
\nExample, Be (Beryllium), Ca, Mg, Sr etc.
\nS Block Notes Class 11
\n\u2022 Electronic Configuration<\/strong>
\nTheir general electronic configuration is represented as [noble gas] ns2<\/sup>.
\n\"The
\n\u2022 Atomic and Ionic Radii<\/strong>
\nAtomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals one comparatively smaller than alkali metals. Within the group atomic and ionic radii increases with the increase in atomic number. Reason: Because these elements have only two valence electrons and the magnitude of the force of attraction with the nucleus is quite small.
\nS-Block Elements Class 11 Notes
\n\u2022 Ionization Enthalpies<\/strong>
\nThese metals also have low ionization enthalpies due to fairly large size of atoms. As the atomic sizes increase down the group ionization enthalpies are expected to decrease in the same manner.
\nDue to their small size in comparison to alkali metals first ionization enthalpies of alkaline earth metals is higher than that of alkali metals.
\n\u2022 Hydration Enthalpies<\/strong>
\nThe hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are larger than those of the alkali metals. Thus alkaline earth metals have more tendency to become hydrate. The hydration enthalpies decreases down the group since the cationic size increases.
\nBe2+<\/sup> > Mg2+<\/sup> > Ca2+<\/sup> > Sr2+<\/sup> > Ba2+<\/sup>
\nMetallic character: They have strong metallic bonds as compared to the alkali metals in the same period. This is due to the smaller kernel size of alkaline earth metal and two valence electrons present in the outermost shell.
\nS Block Elements Notes Class 11
\n\u2022 Physical Properties<\/strong>
\n(i) They are harder than alkali metals.
\n(ii) M.P and B.P are higher than the corresponding alkali metals due to their small size.
\n(iii) The electropositive character increases down the group.
\n(iv) Except Be and Mg, all these metals impart characteristic colour to the flame.
\n(v) The alkaline earth metals possess high thermal and electrical conductivity.
\nS-Block Elements Class 11
\n\u2022 Chemical Properties<\/strong>
\n1. Reaction with oxygen.<\/strong> Beryllium and magnesium are kinetically inert to oxygen because of the formation of a thin film of oxide on their surface.
\nReactivity towards oxygen increases as going down the group.
\n2. Reaction with water.<\/strong> Since these metals are less electropositive than alkali metals, they are less reactive towards water.
\nMagnesium reacts with boiling water or steam. Rest of the members reacts even with cold water.
\nMg + 2H2<\/sub>0 ——-> Mg(OH)2<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>
\nCa + 2H2<\/sub>0 ————> Ca(OH)2<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>
\n3. Reaction with halogens.<\/strong> They combine with the halogens at appropriate temperature to form corresponding halides MX2<\/sub>.
\nM + X2<\/sub> ——–> MX2<\/sub> (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
\nThermal decomposition of (NH4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> BeF4<\/sub>is used for the preparation of BeF2<\/sub>.
\n4. Reaction with hydrogen.<\/strong> These metals except Be combine with hydrogen directly upon heating to form metal hydrides.
\n\"The
\n\u2022 General Characteristics of Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals<\/strong>
\nOxides and Hydroxides
\n(i) The alkaline earth metals bum in oxygen to form MO (monoxide).
\n(ii) These oxides are very stable to heat.
\n(iii) BeO is amphoteric in nature while oxides of other elements are ionic.
\n(iv) Exept BeO, they are basic in nature and react with water to form sparingly soluble hydroxides.
\nMO + H2<\/sub>O ———-> M(OH)2<\/sub>
\n(v) Hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are less stable and less basic than alkali metal hydroxides.
\n(vi) Beryllium hydroxide is amphoteric in nature.
\nHalides<\/strong>
\nThe alkaline earth metals combine directly with halogens at appropriate temperatures forming halides, MX2<\/sub>.
\nThey can also be prepared by the action of halogen acids (HX) on metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides.
\nM + 2HX ——-> MX2<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>
\nMO + 2HX ——> MX2<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>0
\nM (OH)2<\/sub> + 2HX —–> MX2<\/sub> + 2H2<\/sub>0
\n(i) Except beryllium halides, all other halides of alkaline earth metals are ionic in nature.
\n(ii) Except BeCl2<\/sub> and MgCl2<\/sub> other chloride of alkaline earth metals impart characteristic colours to flame.
\n\"The
\n(iii) The tendency to form halide hydrates decreases down the group.
\nFor example, (MgCl2<\/sub>– 8 H2<\/sub>0, CaCl2<\/sub>– 6 H2<\/sub>0, SrCl2<\/sub>– 6 H2<\/sub>0, BaCl2<\/sub>– 2 H2<\/sub>O)
\n(iv) BeCl2<\/sub> has a chain structure in the solid phase as shown below.
\n\"The
\nIn vapour phase the compound exist as a dimer which decomposes at about 1000K to give monomer in which Be atom is in sp hybridisation state.
\nSulphates<\/strong>
\n(i) The sulphates of alkaline earth metals are white solids and quite stable to heat.
\n(ii) BeS04<\/sub> and MgS04<\/sub> are readily soluble in water. Solubility decreases from BeS04<\/sub> to BaS04<\/sub>.
\nReason. Due to greater hydration enthalpies of Be2+<\/sup> ions and Mg2+<\/sup> ions they overcome the lattice enthalpy factor. Their sulphates are soluble in water.
\nCarbonates<\/strong>
\nCarbonates of alkaline earth metals are thermally unstable and decompose on heating.
\n\"The
\n\u2022 Some Important Compounds of Calcium<\/strong>
\n\"The
\nUses:<\/strong>
\n(i) In the manufacture of cement, sodium carbonate, calcium carbide etc.
\n(ii) Used in the purification of sugar.
\n(iii) In the manufacture of dye stuffs.
\n\"The
\nUses:<\/strong>
\n(i) It is used in the manufacturing of building material.
\n(ii) Used in white-wash as a disinfectant.
\n(iii) Used to detect C02<\/sub> gas in the laboratory.
\n(iii) Calcium Carbonate or Limestone (CaC03<\/sub>)<\/strong>
\nPreparation: Calcium carbonate occurs in nature in different forms like limestone, marble, chalk etc. It can be prepared by passing C02<\/sub> through slaked lime in limited amount.
\nCa(OH)2<\/sub> + C02<\/sub> ———> CaC03<\/sub> + H2<\/sub>0
\nIt can also prepared by the reaction of a solution of sodium carbonate with calcium chloride.
\nCaCl2<\/sub> + Na2<\/sub>C03<\/sub> ————> CaC03<\/sub> + 2NaCl
\n\"The
\nUses:<\/strong>
\n(i) In the manufacturing of Quick Lime.
\n(ii) With MgC03<\/sub> used as flux in the extraction of metals.
\n(iii) Used as an antacid.
\n(iv) In the manufacture of high quality paper.
\n(iv) Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris) CaS04<\/sub>-1\/2H2<\/sub>0<\/strong>
\n Preparation:<\/strong> It is obtained when gypsum CaS04<\/sub>– 2 H2<\/sub>0 is heated to 393 K
\n2(CaS04<\/sub>-2H2<\/sub>0) ———-> 2(CaS04) . H2<\/sub>0 + 3H2<\/sub>0
\nAbove 393 K anhydrous CaS04 is formed, which is called ‘dead burnt plaster’.
\nProperties:<\/strong>
\n(i) It is a white atmosphous powder.
\n(ii) When it is mixed in adequate quantity of water it forms a plastic hard mass within 15 minutes.
\nUses:<\/strong>
\n(i) Commonly used in making pottery, ceramics etc.
\n(ii) Used in the surgical bandages for setting the fractured bone or sprain.
\n(iii) For making statues, ornamental work, decorative material etc.
\n(v) Cement<\/strong>
\nPreparation:<\/strong> Prepared by combining a material rich in CaO with other material such as clay, which contains Si02<\/sub> along with the oxides of aluminium, iron and magnesium.
\n\"The
\nImportant Ingredients of portland cement:<\/strong>
\n(Ca2<\/sub>Si04<\/sub>) dicalcium silicate 26%
\n(Ca2<\/sub>SiO4<\/sub>) Tricalcium silicate 51%
\n(Ca3<\/sub>Al2<\/sub>06<\/sub>) Tricalcium Aluminate 11%
\nUses:<\/strong>
\nIn plastering and in construction purposes.
\n\u2022 s-block elements constitute Group I and II elements.
\n\u2022 General electronic configuration of
\nGroup I = [Noble gas] ns1<\/sup>
\nGroup II = [Noble gas] ns2<\/sup>
\n\u2022 Diagonal Relationship
\n\"The
\nThe first three elements of second period (Li, Be, B) show diagonal similarity with the elements (Mg, Al, Si) of third period. Such similarities are termed as diagonal relationship.
\n\u2022 The alkali metals are silvery-white soft metals. They are highly reactive. Their aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline in nature. Their atomic and ionic sizes increase on moving down the group and ionization enthalpies decrease systematically down the group.
\n\u2022 Alkaline earth metals. They are much similar to alkali metals but due to small size some differences are there. Their oxides and hydroxides are less basic than the alkali metals.
\n\u2022 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is prepared by the electrolysis of aq NaCl in Castner- Kellner cell.
\nSlaked lime Ca(OH)2<\/sub> is formed by the action of quick lime on water.
\n\u2022 Gypsum is CaS04<\/sub>. 2 H2<\/sub>0. On heating upto 390 K CaS04<\/sub>\/2H2<\/sub>0 (plaster of paris) is formed.<\/p>\n

Class 11 Chemistry Notes<\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 Chemistry Notes students can refer to the The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/ Pdf here. They can also access the CBSE Class 11 The s-Block Elements Chapter 10 Notes while gearing up for their Board exams. The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 S Block Elements Class …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":164543,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 - CBSE Labs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Class 11 Chemistry Notes students can refer to the The s-Block Elements Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 10 https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/s-block-elements-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/ Pdf here. 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