{"id":37840,"date":"2022-06-08T11:00:16","date_gmt":"2022-06-08T05:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/?p=37840"},"modified":"2022-06-08T11:29:04","modified_gmt":"2022-06-08T05:59:04","slug":"classification-elements-periodicity-properties-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/classification-elements-periodicity-properties-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Class 11 Chemistry Notes<\/a> students can refer to the Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/classification-elements-periodicity-properties-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/ Pdf here. They can also access the CBSE Class 11 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Notes while gearing up for their Board exams.<\/p>\n

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3<\/h2>\n

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties Class 11 Notes Chapter 3\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 Genesis of Periodic Classification Dobereiner\u2019s Triads
\nIn 1829, Dobereiner arranged certain elements with similar properties in groups of three in such a way that the atomic mass of the middle element was nearly the same as the average atomic masses of the first and the third elements. A few triads proposed by him are listed.
\n\"Classification
\nLimitations of Dobereiner’s Trids<\/strong>
\nThe triads given by Dobereiner were helpful in grouping some elements with similar characteristics together, but he could not arrange all the elements known at that time into triads.
\nClassification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties Notes
\n\u2022 Newlands\u2019 Law of Octaves<\/strong>
\nJohn Newlands proposed the law of octaves by stating that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, every eighth element has properties similar to the first. Newlands called it law of octaves because similar relationship exists in the musical notes also.
\nThis can be illustrated as:
\n\"Classification
\nClassification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties Notes Pdf
\nLimitations of Newlands\u2019 Law of Octaves<\/strong>
\n(i) This classification was successful only up to the element calcium. After that, every eighth element did not possess the same properties as the element lying above it in the same group.
\n(ii) When noble gas elements were discovered at a later stage, their inclusion in the table disturbed the entire arrangement.
\nPeriodic Classification Of Elements Class 11
\n\u2022 Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table<\/strong>
\nMendeleev\u2019s Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic
\nfunction of their atomic masses.
\nMendeleev arranged the elements known at that time in order of increasing atomic masses
\nand this arrangement was called periodic table.
\nElements with similar characteristics were present in vertical rows called groups. The horizontal
\nrows were known as periods.
\nPeriodic Classification Of Elements Class 11 Notes
\nDescription of Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table<\/strong>
\n(i) In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in vertical rows called groups and horizontal rows known as periods.
\n(ii) There are nine groups indicated by Roman Numerals as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and zero. Group VIII consists of nine elements which are arranged in three triads. The zero group contains elements belonging to inert gases or noble gases and elements present have zero valency.
\n(iii) There are seven periods (numbered from 1 to 7) or, horizontal rows in the Mendeleev’s periodic table.
\nChapter 3 Chemistry Class 11 Notes
\nImportance of Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table<\/strong>
\n(i) This made the study of the elements quite systematic in the sense that if the properties of one element in a particular group are known, those of others can be pridicted.
\n(ii) This helped to a great extent in the discovery of these elements at a later stage.
\n(iii) Mendeleev corrected the atomic masses of certain elements with the help of their expected positions and properties.
\nPeriodic Classification Of Elements Class 11 Notes Pdf
\nDefects in Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table<\/strong>
\n(i) Hydrogen has been placed in group IA along with alkali metals. But it also resembles halogens of group VII A in many properties. Thus, its position is the Mendeleev’s periodic table is controversial.
\n(ii) Although the elements in the Mendeleev’s periodic table have been arranged in order of their atomic masses, but in some cases the element with higher atomic mass precedes the element with lower atomic mass.
\n(iii) We know that the isotopes of an element have different atomic masses but same atomic number. Since, periodic table has been framed on the basis of increasing atomic masses of the elements, different positions must have been allotted to all the isotopes of a particular element.
\n(iv) According to Mendeleev, the elements placed in the same group must resemble in their properties. But there is no similarity among the elements in the two sub-groups of a particular group.
\n\"Classification
\n(v) In some cases, elements with similar properties have been placed in different groups.
\n(vi) Lanthanoids and actinoids were placed in two separate rows at the bottom of the periodic table without assigning a proper reason.
\n(vii) No proper explanation has been offered for the fact that why the elements placed in group show resemblance in their properties.
\nPeriodic Table Class 11
\n\u2022 Modern Periodic Law<\/strong>
\nPhysical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers.
\n\u2022 Present Form of the Periodic Table (Long form of Periodic Table)
\nThe long form of periodic table, also called Modem Periodic Table, is based on Modern periodic law. In this table, the elements have been arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers.
\n\u2022 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic No. more than 100
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Structural Features of the Periodic Table<\/strong>
\n Groups<\/strong>
\nThe long form of periodic table also consists of the vertical rows called groups. There are in all 18 groups in the periodic table. Unlike Mendeleev periodic table, each group is an independent group.
\nCharacteristics of groups:<\/strong>
\n(i) All the elements present in a group have same general electronic configuration of the atoms.
\n(ii) The elements in a group are separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (2, 8, 8,18, 18,32).
\n(iii) The atomic sizes of the elements in group increase down the group due to increase the number of shells.
\n(iv) The physical properties of the elements such as m.p., b.p. density, solubility etc., follow a systematic pattern.
\n(v) The elements in each group have generally similar chemical properties.
\nPeriods<\/strong>
\nHorizontal rows in a periodic table are known as periods.
\nThere are in all seven periods in the long form of periodic table.
\nCharacteristics of periods:<\/strong>
\n(i) In all the elements present in a period, the electrons are filled in the same valence shell.
\n(ii) The atomic sizes generally decrease from left to right.
\ns-Block Elements
\nGeneral electronic configuration: ns1-2<\/sup> Characteristics of s-block elements:
\n(i) All the elements are soft metals.
\n(ii) They have low melting and boiling points.
\n(iii) They are highly reactive.
\n(iv) Most of them impart colours to the flame.
\n(v) They generally form ionic compounds.
\n(vi) They are good conductors of heat and electricity. p-Block Elements
\nGeneral electronic configuration: ns2<\/sup>np1-6<\/sup>
\nClassification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties Class 11
\nCharacteristics of p-block elements:<\/strong>
\n(i) The compounds of these elements are mostly covalent in nature.
\n(ii) They show variable oxidation states.
\n(iii) In moving from left to right in a period, the non-metallic character of the elements increases.
\n(iv) The reactivity of elements in a group generally decreases downwards.
\n(v) At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence shell ns2<\/sup> np6<\/sup> configuration.
\n(vi) Metallic character increases as we go down the group.
\nd-Block Elements
\nGeneral electronic configuration: (n -1) d1-10<\/sup> ns0-2<\/sup>
\nThe d-block elements are known as transition elements because they have incompletely filled d-orbitals in their ground state or in any of the oxidation states.
\n\"Classification
\nCharacteristics of d-block elements:<\/strong>
\n(i) They are all metals with high melting and boiling points.
\n(ii) The compounds of the elements are generally paramagnetic in nature.
\n(iii) They mostly form coloured ions, exhibit variable valence (oxidation states).
\n(iv) They are of tenly used as catalysts.
\nf-Block Elements<\/strong>
\nGeneral electronic configuration: (n – 2) f1-14<\/sup> (n -1) d0-1<\/sup> ns2<\/sup>
\nThey are known as inner transition elements because in the transition elements of d-block, the electrons are filled in (n – 1) d sub-shell while in the inner transition elements of f-block the filling of electrons takes place in (n – 2) f subshell, which happens to be one inner subshell. Characteristics of f-Block elements:
\n(i) The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids Ce (Z = 58) – Lu (Z = 71) and Actinoids Th (Z = 90) – Lr (Z = 103).
\n(ii) These two series of elements are called Inner Transition Elements (f-Block Elements).
\n(iii) They are all metals. Within each series, the properties of the elements are quite similar.
\n(iv) Most of the elements pf the actinoid series are radio-active in nature.
\nPeriodic Properties Class 11
\n\u2022 Metals<\/strong>
\n(i) Metals comprise more than 78% of all known elements and appear on the left side of the Periodic Table.
\n(ii) Metals are solids at room temperature.
\n(iii) Metal usually have high melting and boiling points.
\n(iv) They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
\n(u) They are malleable and ductile.
\nPeriodic Classification Of Elements Notes Class 11
\n\u2022 Non-metals<\/strong>
\n(i) Non-metals are located at the top right hand side of the Periodic Table.
\n(ii) Non-metals are usually solids or gases at low temperature with low melting and boiling points.
\n(iii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
\n(iv) The non-metallic character increases as one goes from left to right across the Periodic
\nTable.
\n(v) Most non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.
\nClass 11th Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes
\n\u2022 Metalloids<\/strong>
\nThe elements (e.g., silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) show the characteristic, of both metals and non-metals. These elements are also called semimetal.
\nChemistry Class 11 Chapter 3 Notes
\n\u2022 Noble Gases<\/strong>
\n– These are the elements present in group 18.
\n– Eash period ends with noble gas element.
\n– All the members are of gaseous nature and because of the presence of all the occupied filled orbitals, they have very little tendency to take part in chemical combination.
\n– These are also called inert gases.
\nChapter 3 Class 11 Chemistry Notes
\n\u2022 Representative Elements<\/strong>
\nThe elements of group 1 (alkali metals), group 2 (alkaline earth metals) and group 13 to 17 constitute the representative elements. They are elements of s-block and p-block.
\nClass 11 Chapter 3 Chemistry Notes
\n\u2022 Transition Elements<\/strong>
\nThe transition elements include, all the d-block elements and they are present in the centre of the periodic table between s and p-block elements.
\nClassification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties Notes Class 11
\n\u2022 Inner Transition Elements<\/strong>
\nLanthanoids (the fourteen elements after Lanthanum) and actinides (the fourteen elements after actinium) are called inner transition elements. They are also called f-block elements.
\nThe elements after uranium are also called transuranic elements.
\nCh 3 Chemistry Class 11 Notes
\n\u2022 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements<\/strong>
\nTrends in Physical Properties
\nAtomic Radii: It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing the electrons. Depending upon whether an element is a non-metal or a metal, three different types of atomic radii are used. These are:
\n(a) Covalent radius (b) Ionic Radius (c) van der Waals radius (d) Metallic radius.
\n(a) Covalent Radius: It is equal to half of the distance between the centres of the nuclei of two atoms held together by a purely covalent single bond.
\n(b) Ionic Radius: It may be defined as the effictive distance from the nucleus of an ion upto which it has an influence in the ionic bond.
\n(c) van der Waals Radius: Atoms of Noble gases are held together by weak van der Waals forces of attraction. The van der Waals radius is half of the distance between the centre of nuclei of atoms of noble gases.
\n(d) Metallic Radius: It is defined as half of the intemuclear distance between the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice.
\n\u2022 Variation of Atomic Radius in the Periodic Table<\/strong>
\nVariation in a Period: Along a period, the atomic radii of the elements generally decreases from left to right.
\n\"Classification
\nVariation in a group: The atomic radii of the elements in every group of the periodic table increases as we move downwards.
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Ionic Radius<\/strong>
\nThe ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances between cations and anions in ionic crystals.
\nIn general, the ionic radii of elements exhibit the same trend as the atomic radii.
\nCation:<\/strong> The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. The radius of cation is always smaller than that of the atom.
\nAnion:<\/strong> Gain of an electron leads to an anion. The radius of the anion is always larger than that ‘ of the atom.
\nIsoelectronic Species:<\/strong> Some atoms and ions which contain the same number of electrons, we call them isoelectronic species. For example, O2-<\/sup>, F–<\/sup>, Na+<\/sup> and Mg2+<\/sup> have the same number of electrons (10). Their radii would be different because of their different nuclear charges.
\n\u2022 Ionization Enthalpy<\/strong>
\nIt is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state.
\nM (g) + I.E ——->M+<\/sup> (g) + e–<\/sup>
\nThe unit of ionization enthalpy is kJ mol-1<\/sup> and the unit of ionization potential is electron volt per atom.
\nSuccessive Ionization Enthalpies<\/strong>
\nIf a gaseous atom is to lose more than one electron, they can be removed one after the other i.e., in succession and not simultaneously. This is known as successive ionization enthalpy (or potential).
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Variation of Ionization Enthalpies in the Periodic Table:<\/strong>
\nVariation of Ionization Enthalpy Along a Period<\/strong>
\nAlong a period ionization enthalpies are expected to increase in moving across from left to the right, because the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases.
\nVariation of Ionization Ethalpy in a Group<\/strong>
\nThe ionization enthalpies of the elements decrease on moving from top to the bottom in any group.
\nThe decrease in ionization enthalpies down any group is because of the following factors.
\n(i) There is an increase in the number of the main energy shells (n) in moving from one element to the other.
\n(ii) There is also an increase in the magnitude of the screening effect due to the gradual increase in the number of inner electrons.
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Electron Gain Enthalpy<\/strong>
\nElectron Gain Enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom so as to convert it into a negative ion. The process is represented as:
\n\"Classification
\nFor majority of the elements the electron gain enthalpy is negative. For example, the electron gain enthalpy for halogens is highly negative because they can acquire the nearest noble gas configuration by accepting an extra electron.
\nIn contrast, noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies because the extra electron has to be placed in the next higher principal quantum energy level thereby producing highly unstable electronic configuration.
\nSuccessive Electron Gain Enthalpies<\/strong>
\nWe have studied that electrons from a gaseous atoms are lost in succession (i.e., one after the other). Similarly, these are also accepted one after the other, i.e., in succession. After the addition of one electron, the atom becomes negatively charged and the second electron is to be added to a negatively charged ion. But the addition of second electron is opposed by electrostatic repulsion and hence the energy has to be supplied for the addition of second electron. Thus the second electron gain enthalpy of an element is positive.
\nFor example, when an electron is added to oxygen atom to form O–<\/sup> ion, energy is released. But when another electron is added to 0- ion to form O2-<\/sup> ion, energy is absorbed to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged 0–<\/sup> ion and the second electron being added. Thus, first electron gain enthalpy:
\n\"Classification
\nFactors on which Electron Gain Enthalpy Depends<\/strong>
\n(i) Atomic size:<\/strong> As the size of an atom increases, the distance between its nucleus and the incoming electron also increases and electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative,
\n(ii) Nuclear charge:<\/strong> With the increase in nuclear charge, force of attraction between the nucleus and the incoming electron increases and thus electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative.
\n(iii) Symmetry of the Electronic Configuration:<\/strong> The atoms with symmetrical configuration (having fully filled or half filled orbitals in the same sub-shell) do not have any urge to take up extra electrons because their configuration will become unstable.
\nIn that case the energy will be needed and electron gain enthalpy (\u0394 eg H) will be positive. For example, noble gas elements have positive electron gain enthalpies.
\nVariation of Electron Gain Enthalpy Across a Period<\/strong>
\nElectron gain ethalpy becomes more negative with increase in the atomic number across a period.
\nVariation of Electron Gain Enthalpy in a Group<\/strong>
\nElectron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Electronegativity\u00a0<\/strong>
\nA qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract shared electrons to itself is called electronegativity. Unlike ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy, it is not a measurable quantity.
\nHowever, a number of numerical scales of electronegativity of elements viz, Pauling scale, Milliken- Jaffe scale, Allred Kochow scale have been developed. The electronegativity of any given element is not constant; it varies depending on the element to which it is bound.
\nAcross a Period<\/strong>
\nElectronegativity generally increases across a period from left to right.
\nIn a Group<\/strong>
\nIt decreases down a group.
\n\"Classification
\n\u2022 Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties along a Period<\/strong>
\n(i) Metallic character: Decrease across a period maximum on the extreme left (alkali metals).
\n(ii) Non-metallic character: Increasess along a period. (From left to right).
\n(iii) Basic nature of oxides: Decreases from left to right in a period.
\n(iv) Acidic nature of oxides: Increases from left to right in a period.
\n\u2022 Variation from Top to Bottom on Moving Down a Group<\/strong>
\n(i) Metallic character. Generally increases because increase in atomic size and hence decrease in the ionizatiort energy of the elements in a group from top to bottom.
\n(ii) Non-metallic character. Generally decreases down a group. As electronegativity of elements decreases from top to bottom in a group.
\n(iii) Basic nature of oxides. Since metallic character or electropositivity of elements increases in going from top to bottom in a group basic nature of oxidise naturally increases.
\n(iv) Acidic character of oxides. Generally decreases as non-metallic character of elements decreases in going from top to bottom in a group.
\n(v) Reactivity of metals. Generally increases down a group. Since tendency to lose electron increases.
\n(vi) Reactivity of non-metals. Generally decreases down the group, Higher the electro-negativity of non-metals, greater is their reactivity. Since electronegativity of non-metals in a group decreases from top to bottom, their reactivity also decreases.
\n\u2022 Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements<\/strong>
\nThe first element of each of the group 1 (lithium) and 2 (beryllium) and group 13-17 (boron to fluorine) differs in many respect from the other members of their respective groups. For example, lithium unlike other alkali metals, and beryllium unlike other alkaline earth metals
\nform compounds which have significant covalent character; the other members of these groups, pre-dominatly form ionic compounds.
\nIt has been observed that some elements of the second period show similarities with the elements of the third period placed diagonally to each other, though belonging to different groups.
\nFor example,
\n\"Classification
\nThis similarity in properties of elements placed diagonally to each other is called diagonal relationship.
\n\u2022 Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Law.<\/strong> Physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses.
\n\u2022 Modem Periodic Law.<\/strong> Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
\n\u2022 Groups.<\/strong> There are 18 groups. These are vertical rows.
\n\u2022 Periods<\/strong>. There are 7 periods. These are horizontal rows.
\n\u2022 Representative Elements.<\/strong> The S and P block of elements are known as representative elements.
\n\u2022 Transition Elements.<\/strong> They are also called d-block elements. They have general electronic configuration (n – 1) d1-10<\/sup> ns0-2<\/sup>.
\n\u2022 Inner Transition Elements.<\/strong> Lanthanoids (the fourteen elements after Lanthanum) and actinides (the fourteen elements after actinium) are called inner transition elements. General electronic configuration is (n – 2) f1-14<\/sup>(n – 1) d0-1<\/sup> ns2<\/sup>.
\nThey are also called f-block elements.
\n\u2022 Metals.<\/strong> Present on the left side of the periodic table. Comprise more than 78% of the known elements.
\n\u2022 Non-metals.<\/strong> Mostly located on the right hand side of the periodic table.
\n\u2022 Metalloids.<\/strong> Elements which line as the border line between metals and non-metals (e.g., Si, Ge, As) are called metalloids or semimetals.
\n\u2022 Atomic Radii<\/strong> and Ionic Radii,<\/strong> increase down the group decrease along the period.
\n\u2022 Ionization Enthalpy.<\/strong> Increases along the period and decreases down the group.
\n\u2022 Noble Gas Elements.<\/strong> Elements with symmetrical configuration are chemically inert in nature.
\n\u2022 Electric Nuclear Charge.<\/strong> Z = Nuclear charge – Screening constant.
\n\u2022 Electronegativity.<\/strong> Increases along a period decreases down the group,
\n\u2022 Chemical Reactivity.<\/strong> Chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremess of a period and lowest in the centre.
\n\u2022 Oxides of Elements.<\/strong> Oxides formed of the Elements on the left are basic and of elements
\non the right are acidic in nature.
\nOxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutral.<\/p>\n

Class 11 Chemistry Notes<\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 Chemistry Notes students can refer to the Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3https:\/\/www.cbselabs.com\/classification-elements-periodicity-properties-cbse-notes-class-11-chemistry\/ Pdf here. They can also access the CBSE Class 11 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Notes while gearing up for their Board exams. 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